Socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents:
Seven hundred five (with a response rate of 99.2%) participants were included in this study making 99.2 response rate. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 33.24 ±0.942 years with a maximum of 80 and a minimum of 18 years. The majority (78.3%) of them were within the 1st age group (18–40 years). More than half of the respondents (61.6%) were females. The majority of the respondents (64%) were protestant Christians. In Ethnicity, Oromo constitute the majority of the respondents; 89.8% (Table 1).
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, Dec. 2015 (n=705).
Variables
|
Frequency( in N)
|
Percentage (in %)
|
Age groups:
18-40 year
41-64 year
≥65 year
|
552
127
26
|
78.3
18.0
3.7
|
Sex:
Male
Female
|
271
434
|
38.4
61.6
|
Religion: Protestant Christian
Orthodox Christian
Muslim
Catholic Christian
“Wakefeta
|
451
220
24
2
8
|
64.0
31.2
3.4
.3
1.1
|
Ethnicity: Oromo
Amharic
Gurage
Tigre
Others
|
633
60
6
4
2
|
89.8
8.5
.9
.6
.3
|
Education status:
No formal education.
Primary school.
Secondary school.
College and above
|
75
119
320
189
|
10.7
16.9
45.5
26.9
|
Marital status:
Never married
Currently married
Divorced
Widowed
|
253
392
14
45
|
35.7
55.6
2.0
6.4
|
Occupation:
Gov. employee
NGO employee
Self-employed
Student
Homemaker
Retired
Unemployed
|
150
44
195
194
10
15
98
|
21.2
6.3
27.7
27.6
1.4
2.1
13.8
|
Prevalence of hypertension:
The mean systolic and diastolic BP readings were 119.8 (±1.2) and 81.9(±.9) mmHg, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 34.9%(±3.6% CI: 31.3–38.5). About Thirty-seven percent (36.9%) of males and 33% of females were hypertensive. Only 53.3% of respondents had BP measurement before. Out of hypertensive respondents; only 52.7% knew as their BP is raised and only 22.4% were on anti-hypertensive medications.
Descriptions of behavioral, physical and nutritional factors:
Only 1.4% of the respondents have ever smoked cigarettes, 13.9% had regular alcohol drinking habits, and 6.2% had cat chewing habits. On dietary behavior, most of the respondents (83.6%) had a habit of high Salt consumption. Only 3.2% and 5.3% of the respondents had a habit of adequate intake of vegetables and fruit respectively. As to physical exercise; 18% of them were engaged in rigorous physical activity, 52.2% of them were engaged in moderate activities and 29.8% were not involved in either of these activities. As to the BMI, 62.6%, 16.7%,11.2%, and 9.5% were in the normal range, underweight, overweight and obese respectively. About 21.6% of the obese had central obesity.
Risk factors associated with hypertension
To identify factors associated with the prevalence of hypertension, age, sex, occupation, income, educational status, BMI, family history of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and khat chewing status were entered in bivariate logistic regression analyses. Accordingly, age, BMI, sedentary lifestyle, education status, family history of hypertension, self-history of Diabetes mellitus (DM), alcohol drinking status and Khat chewing were significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension. However, in multivariate logistic regression, only age, BMI, educational status and Khat chewing were associated with the prevalence of hypertension (Table 2).
Table 2: Multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with Hypertension among respondents in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, Dec. 2015 (n=705)
Variables
|
Hypertension
|
COR(95% CI)
|
AOR(95% CI)
|
Yes (%)
|
No (%)
|
Age group(year)
18-40
41-64
≥65 year
|
156(28.3%)
70(55.1%)
20(76.9%)
|
396(71.7%)
57(44.9%)
6(23.1%)
|
1
3.12(2.1,4.63)
8.47(3.33,21.28)
|
1
2.6(1.49,4.57)
5.85(1.72,20)
|
BMI
Normal
Underweight
Overweight/
Obese
|
148(33.6%)
16(20.3%)
82(44.3%)
|
293(66.4%)
63(79.7%)
55.7(55.7%)
|
1
0.63(0.45,0.9)
3.14(1.69,5.83)
|
1
0.48(0.22,1.05)
1.71(1.09,2.67)
|
Central obesity
Yes
No
|
74(48.7%)
172(31.1%)
|
78(51.3%)
381(68.9%)
|
2.1( 1.46,3.03)
1
|
|
Exercise level:
Vigorous
Moderate
None
|
34(26.8%)
128(34.8%)
84(40%)
|
93(73.2%)
240(65.2%)
126(60%)
|
1
1.46(.93,2.28) 1.82(1.13,2.95)
|
1
.85(.48,1.5)
1.11(.57,2.14)
|
Alcohol intake ever:
Yes
No
|
45(45.9%)
201(33.1%)
|
53(54.1%)
406(66.9%)
|
1.72(1.11,2.64)
1
|
.94(.5,1.78)
1
|
Chewed Khat past year:
Yes
No
|
24(54.5%)
222(33.6%)
|
20(45.5%)
439(66.4%)
|
1
2.38(1.28,4.39)
|
`1
2.44(1.05,5.68)
|
Monthly Income (ETB) <1500
1500-4000
4000-6000
≥6000
|
59(27.2%)
100(41.3%)
20(60.6%)
12(26.7%)
|
158(72.8%)
142(58.7%)
13(39.4%)
33(27.3%)
|
1
1.89(1.27,2.79)
4.12(1.93,8.77)
.97(.48,2.01)
|
|
Education status:
No formal education.
Primary Complete
Secondary Complete
College and above
|
53(70.7%)
45(37.8%)
97(30.3%)
49(25.9%)
|
22(29.3%)
74(62.2%)
223(69.7%)
140(74.1%)
|
1
3.96(2.13,7.36)
5.52(3.19,9.61)
6.88(3.8,12.47)
|
1
1.63(.72,3.69)
2.38(1.11,5.09)
2.75 (1.26,6.03)
|
Self-report of DM:
Yes
No
|
14(53.8%)
232(34.2%)
|
12(46.2%)
447(65.8%)
|
2.25(1.02,4.95)
1
|
1.75(.625,4.88)
1
|
Family history of HTN:
Yes
No
|
123(44.2%)
151(35.4%)
|
155(55.8)
276(64.6%)
|
1.40(1.02,1.92)
1
|
1.34(.88,2.03)
1
|