Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
About 688 were participated in the study, among the participants 419(60.9%) were in the age group of 15-19 years, with the mean age of 19.72 years (±4.55SD). About 348(50.6%) of participants had no formal education. Participants, 564(82%) were previously resided in rural area. About 642(93.3%) of were orthodox Christian. Around 619(90%) of were single. Regarding housemaid’s family situation, about 278(40.4%) them had both father and mother. Participants, 317(46.1%) were paid from 301-500 ETB. Concerning work experience 491(71.4%) of housemaid had 1-4 years of work experience. About 448(65.1%) of were start work at the age of 15 years and above.(table 1)
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of housemaid, Debre Tabor town, 2018(n=688).
Characteristics
|
Number
|
Percent (%)
|
Age in year
|
|
|
15-19
|
419
|
60.9
|
20-24
|
177
|
25.7
|
≥25
|
92
|
13.4
|
Educational status
|
|
|
No formal education
|
348
|
50.6
|
Primary education
|
189
|
27.5
|
Secondary education and above
|
151
|
21.9
|
Previous resident
|
|
|
Urban
|
124
|
18
|
Rural
|
564
|
82
|
Marital status
|
|
|
Married
|
36
|
5.2
|
Single
|
619
|
90
|
Divorced
|
18
|
2.6
|
Widowed
|
15
|
2.2
|
Religion
|
|
|
Orthodox
|
642
|
93.3
|
Protestant
|
8
|
1.2
|
Muslim
|
38
|
5.5
|
Amount of income per month
|
|
|
100-300
|
311
|
45.2
|
301-500
|
317
|
46.1
|
≥501
|
60
|
8.7
|
Work experience
|
|
|
1-4
|
491
|
71.4
|
5-9
|
142
|
20.6
|
≥10
|
55
|
8
|
Age of being housemaid(Mean
|
|
|
5-9
|
13
|
1.9
|
10-14
|
227
|
33
|
≥15
|
448
|
65.1
|
Family live situation
|
|
|
Both father and mother alive
|
278
|
40.4
|
Only father alive
|
120
|
17.4
|
Only mother alive
|
136
|
19.8
|
Both father and mother dead
|
154
|
22.4
|
Family marital status (n=278)
|
|
|
Live together
|
194
|
69.8
|
Divorced
|
84
|
30.2
|
Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of employers, Debre Tabor town, 2018
Characteristics
|
Number
|
Percent (%)
|
Age of female employer
|
|
|
25-29
|
115
|
18.4
|
30-34
|
161
|
25.7
|
35-39
|
110
|
17.6
|
40-44
|
132
|
21,1
|
45-49
|
32
|
5.1
|
≥50
|
76
|
12.1
|
Age of male employer(n=636)
|
|
|
25-29
|
14
|
2.2
|
30-34
|
87
|
13.7
|
35-39
|
120
|
18.9
|
40-44
|
161
|
25.3
|
45-49
|
64
|
10.1
|
≥50
|
190
|
29.9
|
Female employer religion(n=626)
|
|
|
Orthodox
|
541
|
86.4
|
Protestant
|
21
|
3.4
|
Muslim
|
64
|
10.2
|
Male employer religion (n=636)
|
|
|
Orthodox
|
552
|
86.8
|
Protestant
|
23
|
3.6
|
Muslim
|
61
|
9.6
|
Female employer educational status (n=626)
|
|
|
Not read and write
|
52
|
8.3
|
Read and write but no formal education
|
54
|
8.6
|
Grade 1-8
|
62
|
9.9
|
Grade 9-12
|
137
|
21.9
|
Certificate and above
|
321
|
51.3
|
Male employer educational status (n=636)
|
|
|
Not read and write
|
4
|
0.6
|
Read and write but no formal education
|
40
|
6.3
|
Grade 1-8
|
42
|
6.6
|
Grade 9-12
|
83
|
13.1
|
Certificate and above
|
467
|
73.4
|
Marital status of employers (n=688)
|
|
|
Married
|
549
|
79.8
|
Single
|
46
|
6.7
|
Divorced
|
57
|
8.3
|
Widowed
|
36
|
5.2
|
Number of children employer have(n=688)
|
|
|
0-3
|
496
|
72.1
|
4-6
|
184
|
26.7
|
≥7
|
8
|
1.2
|
Employer family size
|
|
|
1-3
|
201
|
29.2
|
4=6
|
429
|
62.4
|
≥7
|
58
|
8.4
|
Extended family living with employer (n=688)
|
|
|
Yes
|
147
|
21.4
|
No
|
541
|
78.6
|
Another housemaid living with employers(n=688)
|
|
|
Yes
|
28
|
4.1
|
No
|
660
|
95.9
|
Female employer occupation
|
|
|
Housewife
|
150
|
24
|
Student
|
7
|
1.1
|
Government employer
|
294
|
47
|
Private employer
|
66
|
10.5
|
Merchant
|
98
|
15.7
|
Pensioned
|
11
|
1.8
|
Male employer occupation (n=636)
|
|
|
Government employer
|
387
|
60.7
|
Private employer
|
98
|
15.4
|
Merchant
|
122
|
19.2
|
Pensioned
|
29
|
4.6
|
Socio-demographic characteristics of employers
The mean ages of female and male employers were 33.2 years and 40.1years respectively. Majority, 541(86.4%), of female employer and 552(86.8%) of male employer were orthodox Christians. About 321(51.3%) of female employers and 467(73.4%) of male employers had certificate and above. Majority, 549(79.8%), of employers were married. About 496(72.1%) of employers had 0-3number of children and 429(62.4%) of employers had 4-6 family size. About 541(78.6%) of employers had no extended family and only 28(4.1%) of employers had another housemaid. About 294(47%) of female employers and 386(60.7%) of male employers were government employee. (Table2)
Behavior of employers
About 30(4.4%) of employer had smoking cigarette and 74(10.8%) of employers had chewing khat and 92(14.7%) of female employers and 158(24.8%) of male employers had consumed alcohol. (Table 3)
Table 3: Behavior of employer, Debre Tabor town, 2018 (n=688)
Characteristics
|
Number
|
Percent (%)
|
Employer smoking status(688)
|
|
|
Yes
|
30
|
4.4
|
No
|
658
|
95.6
|
Frequency of employer smoking (n=30)
|
|
|
Sometimes
|
24
|
80
|
Daily
|
6
|
20
|
Employer khat chewing status(688)
|
|
|
Yes
|
74
|
10.8
|
No
|
614
|
89.2
|
Frequency of chewing khat(n=74)
|
|
|
Sometimes
|
45
|
60.8
|
Daily
|
29
|
39.2
|
Female employer alcohol consumption status(n=626)
|
|
|
Yes
|
92
|
14.7
|
No
|
534
|
85.3
|
Female employer intoxication status(n=92)
|
|
|
Yes
|
4
|
4.3
|
No
|
88
|
95.7
|
Frequency of female intoxication (n=4)
|
|
|
Sometimes
|
3
|
75
|
Daily
|
1
|
25
|
Male employer alcohol consumption status(n=636)
|
|
|
Yes
|
158
|
24.8
|
No
|
478
|
75.2
|
Male employer intoxication status (n=158)
|
|
|
Yes
|
118
|
74.7
|
No
|
40
|
25.3
|
Frequency of male employer intoxication(n=118)
|
|
|
Sometimes
|
35
|
29.7
|
Daily
|
83
|
70.3
|
Prevalence Psychological violence
About 387(56.3%) (95%CI: 52.6%-60.2%) of housemaids have been experienced at least one type of psychological violence in their life time and 175(25.4%) (95%CI: 22.1%-28.6%) experienced in the past 12 months.
Perpetrators of psychological violence
Housemaids who had been experienced with psychological violence were traumatized by around three fourth of 306(73.7%) female employers. (fig1)
Factors associated with housemaid violence
In binary logistic regression analysis educational status, previous resident, family residence, family live situation, employer alcohol consumption, and extended family living with employers were significantly associated with psychological violence. In the final model, educational status, previous resident, family residence, family live situation, family resident and employer alcohol consumption were remaining significantly associated with lifetime psychological violence at 5% level of significance.
The result of the study revealed that housemaids who had no formal education were 3 times (AOR=3.13, 95%CI: 1.76, 5.57) and maids who had primary education were 2 times (AOR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.12, 3.90) more likely to experienced violence as compared to those who had secondary education and above.
Pertaining to resident of housemaids, who previously resided at rural areas were 2 times (AOR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.71) more likely to experience psychological violence than those who resided at urban. Housemaid whose family resided rural areas were 2 times (AOR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.12, 3.01) more likely to experienced psychological violence than those whose families resided in urban.
Housemaid who had only father alive 2 times (AOR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.32, 4.14) and only mother alive 2 times (AOR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.22, 3.55), more likely to experienced psychological violence as compared to those who had both father and mother alive.
With regard to alcohol consumption, housemaid whose female employer drank alcohol were 8 times (AOR=7.98, 95% CI: 3.49, 18.29) and male employer drank alcohol were 3 times (AOR=2.59, 95% CI: 1.49, 4.49) more likely to experience psychological violence as compared to those who not drank alcohol (Table 4).
Table 4: Factors associated with lifetime experience of housemaid Psychological violence, Debre Tabor town, 2018.
Variables
|
housemaid violence
|
COR(95%CI)
|
AOR(95%CI)
|
|
YES (%)
|
NO (%)
|
|
|
Previous residence
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
40(5.8)
|
84(12.2)
|
1
|
1
|
Rural
|
347 (50.4)
|
217(31.5)
|
3.36(2.22,5.086.24)
|
2.04(1.13,3.71)*
|
Educational status
|
|
|
|
|
No formal education
|
218(31.7)
|
130(18.9)
|
2.54(1.72,3.76)
|
3.13(1.76,5.57)**
|
Primary education
|
111(16.1)
|
78(11.3)
|
2.28(1.47,3.53)
|
2.09(1.12,3.90) *
|
Secondary education and above
|
58(8.4)
|
93(13.5)
|
1
|
1
|
Family live situation
|
|
|
|
|
Both father and mother alive
|
102(14.8)
|
169(24.6)
|
1
|
1
|
Only father alive
|
77(11.2)
|
43(6.3)
|
3.09(1.98,4.83)
|
2.34(1.32,4.14)*
|
Only mother alive
|
87(11.2)
|
49(7.1)
|
3.06(2.00,4.69)
|
2.08(1.22,3.55)*
|
Both father and mother not alive
|
1154(22.4)
|
33(4.8)
|
6.33(4.01,9.98)
|
.97(.06,16.37)
|
Family residence
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
56(10.5)
|
105(19.7)
|
1
|
1
|
Rural
|
211(39.5)
|
162(30.3)
|
2.44(1.66,3.58)
|
1.84(1.12,3.01)*
|
female employers
consumption status
|
alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
83(13.3)
|
9(1.4)
|
9.29(4.58,18.87)
|
7.99(3.49,18.29)**
|
No
|
266(42.5)
|
268(42.8)
|
1
|
1
|
Male employers
consumption status
|
alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
126(19.8)
|
32(5)
|
4.18(2.72,8.06.401)
|
2.59(1.49,4.49)**
|
No
|
252(39.6)
|
226(35.5)
|
1
|
1
|
Extended family/relative living
with employer
|
Yes
|
106(15.4)
|
41(6)
|
2.39(1.61,3.58)
|
1.63(.92,2.90)
|
No
|
281(40.8)
|
260(37.8)
|
1
|
1
|
Keys: 1=reference *= significant with p<0.005, **=significant with p<0.001