Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics
Variable
|
MICT (n=26)
|
4HIIT (n=25)
|
1HIIT (n=26)
|
Demographics
Age, years (mean ± SD)
|
55.0 ± 9.8
|
57.1 ± 9.2
|
57.1 ± 7.4
|
Male, sex (%)
|
69
|
52
|
65
|
Type 2 diabetes (%)
|
35
|
44
|
46
|
Hypertensive (%)
|
73
|
76
|
77
|
|
|
|
|
Medications
|
|
|
|
ACEIs, %
|
46
|
48
|
50
|
Calcium antagonist, %
|
8
|
32
|
8
|
Beta-blocker, %
|
12
|
4
|
15
|
Statin, %
|
40
|
56
|
54
|
Acetylsalicylic, %
|
19
|
28
|
23
|
Metformin, %
|
31
|
32
|
35
|
MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; 4HIIT, 4x4 min high-intensity interval training; 1HIIT, 1x4 min high-intensity interval training; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; SD, standard deviation
Table 2 All participants – changes in Fitness-Fatness Index, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and body composition following the exercise interventions
Outcome Variables
|
MICT (n=26)
|
4HIIT (n=25)
|
1HIIT (n=26)
|
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Between group difference (p-value)
|
Fitness-Fatness Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFI (METs/WHtR)
|
13.3 ± 4.7
|
14.2 ± 5.0
|
0.05
|
11.8 ± 2.9
|
13.7 ± 3.8
|
<0.01
|
12.8 ± 3.5
|
14.2 ± 3.6
|
<0.01
|
0.30
|
METs
|
7.9 ± 2.3
|
8.3 ± 2.3
|
0.12
|
7.0 ± 1.5
|
8.0 ± 1.9
|
<0.01
|
7.6 ± 1.8
|
8.2 ± 1.9
|
<0.01
|
0.26
|
Relative V̇O2peak (mL/kg/min)
|
27.6 ± 7.9
|
28.9 ± 8.0
|
0.11
|
24.6 ± 5.3
|
28.1 ± 6.8
|
<0.01
|
26.5 ± 6.3
|
28.8 ± 6.7
|
<0.01
|
0.25
|
Absolute V̇O2peak (L/min)
|
2.7 ± 0.8
|
2.8 ± 0.8
|
0.11
|
2.3 ± 0.6
|
2.6 ± 0.8
|
<0.01
|
2.4 ± 0.7
|
2.6 ± 0.8
|
<0.01
|
0.30
|
WHtR
|
0.61 ± 0.1
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.01
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.59 ± 0.1
|
0.09
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.59 ± 0.1
|
0.03
|
0.82
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
1.6 (0.7 to 6.6)
|
1.6 (0.7 to 5.2)
|
0.26
|
1.8 (0.6 to 6.5)
|
1.8 (0.7 to 4.6)
|
0.38
|
2.0 (0.7 to 2.8)
|
1.6 (0.6 to 3.0)
|
0.21
|
0.86
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.1 ± 0.4
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
0.30
|
1.0 (0.4)
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
0.53
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
1.3 ± 0.4
|
0.01
|
0.50
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
2.9 ± 0.8
|
2.7 ± 0.9
|
0.60
|
2.3 (0.2 to 6.5)
|
2.4 (1.3 to 6.7)
|
0.12
|
2.4 (1.1 to 6.5)
|
2.3 (1.0 to 4.7)
|
0.23
|
0.22
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
4.8 ± 1.0
|
4.6 ± 1.0
|
0.13
|
4.1 (2.6 to 9.3)
|
4.6 (2.9 to 9.1)
|
0.06
|
4.5 (3.1 to 9.3)
|
4.2 (2.9 to 6.9)
|
0.52
|
0.06
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
107 ± 12
|
105 ± 12
|
0.03
|
104 ± 10
|
102 ± 9
|
0.06
|
103 ± 12
|
101 ± 12
|
<0.01
|
0.64
|
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
|
132 ± 12
|
126 ± 11
|
<0.01
|
128 ± 14
|
129 ± 11
|
0.77
|
136 ± 16
|
128 ± 15
|
<0.01
|
0.16
|
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
|
87 ± 9
|
82 ± 8
|
0.01
|
83 ± 8
|
80 ± 7
|
0.05
|
82 ± 10
|
79 ± 10
|
0.08
|
0.88
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
|
5.8 (4.6 to 16.4)
|
5.7 (4.1 to 12.4)
|
0.30
|
6.2 (3.6 to 13.6)
|
5.6 (4.4 to 12.7)
|
0.74
|
6.2 (4.3 to 13.0)
|
6.0 (4.4 to 14.3)
|
0.09
|
0.50
|
Body Composition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight (kg)
|
98.2 ± 16.8
|
97.4 ± 17.7
|
0.30
|
91.5 (13.5)
|
90.0 (13.5)
|
0.12
|
92.4 ± 20.1
|
91.0 ± 19.4
|
0.07
|
0.63
|
Hip Circumference (cm)
|
114 ± 12
|
114 ± 13
|
0.66
|
113 ± 12
|
113 ± 11
|
0.55
|
110 ± 11
|
110 ± 12
|
0.51
|
0.83
|
Total Body Fat (%)
|
38.7 ± 9.0
|
38.2 ± 9.1
|
0.14
|
40.8 ± 7.4
|
40.2 ± 7.6
|
0.10
|
39.1 ± 6.9
|
38.6 ± 7.0
|
0.15
|
0.97
|
Trunk Fat (%)
|
42.1 ± 8.5
|
41.5 ± 8.4
|
0.21
|
43.7 ± 6.7
|
43.1 ± 7.0
|
0.14
|
42.6 ± 6.1
|
42.1 ± 5.9
|
0.20
|
0.97
|
Android Fat (%)
|
44.4 ± 8.0
|
44.0 ± 7.8
|
0.55
|
45.8 ± 6.5
|
45.1 ± 6.8
|
0.17
|
44.9 ± 5.1
|
44.2 ± 5.3
|
0.17
|
0.93
|
Gynoid Fat (%)
|
37.5 ± 9.7
|
37.3 ± 9.9
|
0.30
|
40.0 ± 7.8
|
39.2 ± 8.4
|
0.12
|
37.5 ± 7.9
|
36.9 ± 8.2
|
0.09
|
0.34
|
Lean Body Mass (kg)
|
56.9 ± 11.3
|
56.7 ± 11.4
|
0.55
|
52.5 ± 9.8
|
52.3 ± 9.8
|
0.52
|
53.4 ± 12.2
|
53.2 ± 12.5
|
0.57
|
0.66
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
33 ± 6
|
32 ± 5
|
0.60
|
32 ± 6
|
33 ± 5
|
0.55
|
32 ± 5
|
32 ± 5
|
0.81
|
0.84
|
MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; 4HIIT, 4x4 min high-intensity interval training; 1HIIT, 1x4 min high-intensity interval training; FFI, Fitness-Fatness Index; MET, metabolic equivalent; V̇O2peak, peak oxygen uptake; WHtR, waist circumference-to-height ratio; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation
Table 3 Non-T2D participants - changes in Fitness-Fatness Index, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and body composition following the exercise interventions
Outcome Variables
|
MICT (n=17)
|
4HIIT (n=14)
|
1HIIT (n=14)
|
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Between group difference (p-value)
|
Fitness-Fatness Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFI (METs/WHtR)
|
14.1 ± 4.7
|
15.1 ± 5.3
|
0.11
|
11.7 ± 2.2
|
13.5 ± 2.9
|
0.05
|
12.3 ± 3.4
|
13.7 ± 3.5
|
0.01
|
0.83
|
METs
|
8.3 ± 2.2
|
8.7 ± 2.4
|
0.21
|
7.0 ± 1.2
|
7.9 ± 1.8
|
0.05
|
7.3 ± 1.8
|
8.0 ± 2.0
|
0.02
|
0.74
|
Relative V̇O2peak (mL/kg/min)
|
29.0 ± 7.8
|
30.5 ± 8.3
|
0.21
|
24.4 ± 4.1
|
27.8 ± 6.2
|
0.05
|
25.7 ± 6.1
|
27.9 ± 6.9
|
0.02
|
0.72
|
Absolute V̇O2peak (L/min)
|
2.8 ± 0.8
|
2.9 ± 0.8
|
0.20
|
2.3 ± 0.6
|
2.5 ± 0.9
|
0.07
|
2.4 ± 0.8
|
2.6 ± 0.9
|
0.06
|
0.61
|
WHtR
|
0.60 ± 0.07
|
0.59 ± 0.08
|
0.04
|
0.60 ± 0.05
|
0.59 ± 0.04
|
0.24
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.59 ± 0.05
|
0.11
|
0.83
|
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
1.6 (0.7 to 4.0)
|
1.5 (0.65 to 4.91)
|
0.51
|
1.9 (1.1 to 6.5)
|
1.7 (0.7 to 4.2)
|
0.11
|
1.7 ± 0.7
|
1.6 ± 0.6
|
0.40
|
0.68
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
1.2 ± 0.3
|
0.44
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
0.67
|
1.4 ± 0.4
|
1.4 ± 0.4
|
0.46
|
0.63
|
LDL (mmol/L)
|
3.0 ± 0.8
|
2.9 ± 0.9
|
0.82
|
2.6 ± 1.1
|
2.9 ± 1.0
|
0.22
|
3.3 ± 1.4
|
3.0 ± 1.2
|
0.07
|
0.34
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
5.0 ± 1.0
|
4.8 ± 1.0
|
0.55
|
4.7 ± 1.1
|
5.0 ± 1.2
|
0.34
|
4.9 (3.8 to 9.3)
|
5.1 (3.6 to 6.9)
|
0.06
|
0.36
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
106 ± 13
|
104 ± 14
|
0.07
|
102 ± 11
|
100 ±7
|
0.15
|
104 ± 14
|
100 ± 13
|
0.06
|
0.64
|
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
|
131 ± 14
|
125 ± 11
|
0.07
|
133 ± 16
|
130 ± 12
|
0.64
|
132 ± 15
|
123± 9
|
0.03
|
0.16
|
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
|
87 ± 11
|
83 ± 8
|
0.06
|
85 ± 9
|
82 ± 8
|
0.20
|
82 ± 13
|
79 ± 11
|
0.22
|
0.82
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
|
5.6 ± 0.7
|
5.5 ± 0.6
|
0.85
|
5.5 ± 0.9
|
5.4 ± 0.6
|
0.25
|
5.7 ± 0.8
|
5.5 ± 0.7
|
0.07
|
0.82
|
Body Composition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight (kg)
|
97 ± 20
|
97 ± 21
|
0.45
|
91 ± 17
|
89 ± 13
|
0.21
|
94 ± 21
|
92.0 ± 20
|
0.14
|
0.43
|
Hip Circumference (cm)
|
115 ± 13
|
115 ± 14
|
0.94
|
113 ± 8
|
112 ± 9
|
0.78
|
113 ± 10
|
112 ± 10
|
0.85
|
0.99
|
Total Body Fat (%)
|
39.6 ± 9.5
|
39.5 ± 9.7
|
0.65
|
42.1 ± 6.3
|
41.7 ± 5.7
|
0.52
|
41.8 ± 6.1
|
41.1 ± 6.2
|
0.11
|
0.67
|
Trunk Fat (%)
|
42.9 ± 8.9
|
42.7 ± 8.9
|
0.78
|
44.5 ± 5.6
|
44.2 ± 4.6
|
0.73
|
44.6 ± 5.2
|
43.9 ± 5.0
|
0.22
|
0.87
|
Android Fat (%)
|
45.4 ± 8.5
|
45.5 ± 8.2
|
0.52
|
46.8 ± 4.2
|
46.7 ± 3.6
|
0.84
|
46.9 ± 4.0
|
46.2 ± 4.1
|
0.33
|
0.40
|
Gynoid Fat (%)
|
39.0 ± 10.2
|
38.9 ± 10.6
|
0.31
|
41.5 ± 7.2
|
41.1 ± 7.2
|
0.46
|
41.1 ± 7.2
|
40.5 ± 7.4
|
0.22
|
0.56
|
Lean Body Mass (kg)
|
55.4 ± 12.3
|
55.1 ± 12.7
|
0.37
|
50.2 ± 10.5
|
49.3 ± 9.6
|
0.12
|
52.2 ± 14.3
|
52.2 ± 14.6
|
0.83
|
0.26
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
32 ± 6
|
32 ± 6
|
0.75
|
31± 5
|
33 ± 5
|
0.04
|
33 ± 5
|
33 ± 4
|
0.19
|
0.82
|
MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; 4HIIT, 4x4 min high-intensity interval training; 1HIIT, 1x4 min high-intensity interval training; FFI, Fitness-Fatness Index; MET, metabolic equivalent; V̇O2peak, peak oxygen uptake; WHtR, waist circumference-to-height ratio; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation
Table 4 T2D participants - changes in Fitness-Fatness Index, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and body composition following the exercise interventions
Outcome Variables
|
MICT (n=9)
|
4HIIT (n=11)
|
1HIIT (n=12)
|
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
p-value within-group
|
Between group difference (p-value)
|
Fitness-Fatness Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFI (METs/WHtR)
|
11.7 ± 4.6
|
12.3 ± 4.1
|
0.19
|
11.9 ± 3.7
|
13.9 ± 4.9
|
0.02
|
13.4 ± 3.8
|
14.7 ± 3.9
|
<0.01
|
0.21
|
METs
|
7.1 ± 2.2
|
7.4 ± 1.9
|
0.34
|
7.1 ± 1.9
|
8.1 ± 2.2
|
0.01
|
7.9 ± 1.9
|
8.5 ± 1.9
|
<0.01
|
0.19
|
Relative V̇O2peak (mL/kg/min)
|
25.0 ± 7.8
|
26.0 ± 6.8
|
0.34
|
24.7 ± 6.8
|
28.4 ± 7.7
|
0.01
|
27.5 ± 6.5
|
29.8 ± 6.5
|
<0.01
|
0.19
|
Absolute V̇O2peak (L/min)
|
2.4 ± 0.6
|
2.5 ± 0.5
|
0.37
|
2.4 ± 0.6
|
2.7 ± 0.7
|
0.01
|
2.4 ± 0.6
|
2.6 ± 0.6
|
0.01
|
0.37
|
WHtR
|
0.63 ± 0.1
|
0.62 ± 0.1
|
0.17
|
0.61 ± 0.1
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.23
|
0.60 ± 0.1
|
0.59 ± 0.1
|
0.13
|
0.75
|
Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
1.6 (1.1 to 6.6)
|
1.6 (1.0 to 5.2)
|
0.21
|
1.7 (0.6 to 3.5)
|
1.8 (1.0 to 4.6)
|
0.42
|
1.8 ± 0.8
|
1.6 ± 0.6
|
0.39
|
0.24
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.0 ± 0.3
|
1.1 ± 0.6
|
0.52
|
1.0 (0.6 to 2.1)
|
0.9 (0.9 to 2.2)
|
0.66
|
1.0 ± 0.3
|
1.1 ± 0.2
|
0.01
|
0.64
|
LDL (mmol/L)
|
2.7 ± 0.9
|
2.4 ± 0.7
|
0.16
|
1.7 (0.2 to 6.5)
|
1.8 (1.3 to 6.7)
|
0.26
|
2.1 ± 1.0
|
2.0 ± 0.7
|
0.94
|
0.65
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
4.5 ± 1.0
|
4.2 ± 1.0
|
0.04
|
3.5 (2.6 to 9.3)
|
3.8 (2.9 to 9.1)
|
0.10
|
3.4 (3.1 to 7.2)
|
3.8 (2.9 to 5.5)
|
0.75
|
0.17
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
109 ± 8
|
107 ± 8
|
0.28
|
105 ± 10
|
104 ± 10
|
0.21
|
103 ± 11
|
101 ± 11
|
0.02
|
0.90
|
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
|
134 ± 8
|
127 ± 10
|
<0.01
|
123 ± 7
|
128 ± 9
|
0.17
|
141 ± 17
|
134 ± 18
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
|
87 ± 6
|
82 ± 7
|
0.04
|
81 ± 6
|
78 ± 7
|
0.21
|
81 ± 6
|
79 ± 8
|
0.20
|
0.96
|
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
|
6.7 (5.6 to 16.4)
|
6.6 (4.3 to 12.4)
|
0.21
|
6.6 (5.1 to 13.6)
|
7.4 (5.2 to 12.7)
|
0.48
|
7.7 (4.3 to 2.9)
|
6.6 (6.0 to 14.3)
|
0.24
|
0.41
|
Body Composition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weight (kg)
|
100 ± 9
|
99 ± 11
|
0.51
|
94 (82 to 138)
|
92 (83 to 135)
|
0.38
|
91 ± 20
|
90 ± 20
|
0.31
|
0.99
|
Hip Circumference (cm)
|
111 ± 10
|
112 ± 11
|
0.52
|
114 ± 15
|
113 ± 14
|
0.53
|
107 ± 12
|
108 ± 15
|
0.43
|
0.61
|
Total Body Fat (%)
|
36.9 ± 8.3
|
35.8 ± 7.7
|
0.14
|
39.3 ± 8.6
|
38.3 ± 9.5
|
0.06
|
35.7 ± 6.6
|
35.4 ± 6.9
|
0.71
|
0.48
|
Trunk Fat (%)
|
40.7 ± 7.9
|
39.1 ± 7.1
|
0.16
|
42.7 ± 8.1
|
41.6 ± 9.2
|
0.07
|
40.0 ± 6.3
|
39.7 ± 6.3
|
0.59
|
0.54
|
Android Fat (%)
|
42.5 ± 7.1
|
41.2 ± 6.6
|
0.14
|
44.4 ± 8.7
|
43.1 ± 9.4
|
0.11
|
42.3 ± 5.4
|
41.8 ± 5.7
|
0.35
|
0.51
|
Gynoid Fat (%)
|
34.8 ± 8.3
|
34.4 ± 8.3
|
0.89
|
38.1 ± 8.6
|
36.7 ± 9.6
|
0.03
|
33.0 ± 6.4
|
32.5 ± 7.2
|
0.23
|
0.33
|
Lean Body Mass (%)
|
59.8 ± 9.1
|
59.8 ± 8.2
|
0.90
|
55.5 ± 8.3
|
56.1 ± 9.0
|
0.25
|
54.9 ± 9.4
|
54.5 ± 9.8
|
0.26
|
0.31
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
34(26 to 44)
|
34 (24 to 36)
|
0.20
|
30 (23 to 43)
|
30.0 (28 to 42)
|
0.44
|
31 ± 6
|
31 ± 5
|
0.14
|
0.91
|
MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; 4HIIT, 4x4 min high-intensity interval training; 1HIIT, 1x4 min high-intensity interval training; FFI, Fitness-Fatness Index; MET, metabolic equivalent; V̇O2peak, peak oxygen uptake; WHtR, waist circumference-to-height ratio; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation