1.Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68(6):394–424.doi:10.3322/caac.21492
2.Algra AM, Rothwell PM. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13(5):518–27.doi:10.1016/S1470–2045(12)70112–2
3.Li P, Wu H, Zhang H, et al. Aspirin use after diagnosis but not prediagnosis improves established colorectal cancer survival: a meta-analysis. Gut 2015; 64(9):1419–25.doi:10.1136/gutjnl–2014–308260
4.Din FV, Theodoratou E, Farrington SM, et al. Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer. Gut 2010; 59(12):1670–9.doi:10.1136/gut.2009.203000
5.Reimers MS, Bastiaannet E, Langley RE, et al. Expression of HLA class I antigen, aspirin use, and survival after a diagnosis of colon cancer. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174(5):732–9.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.511
6.Bains SJ, Mahic M, Myklebust TA, et al. Aspirin As Secondary Prevention in Patients With Colorectal Cancer: An Unselected Population-Based Study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34(21):2501–8.doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.65.3519
7.Frouws MA, Bastiaannet E, Langley RE, et al. Effect of low-dose aspirin use on survival of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies; an observational study. Br J Cancer 2017; 116(3):405–413.doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.425
8.Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7):e1000097.doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
9.Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25(9):603–5.doi:10.1007/s10654–010–9491-z
10.Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002; 21(11):1539–58.doi:10.1002/sim.1186
11.Spence AD, Busby J, Johnston BT, et al. Low-Dose Aspirin Use Does Not Increase Survival in 2 Independent Population-Based Cohorts of Patients With Esophageal or Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology 2018; 154(4):849–860 e1.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.044
12.Macfarlane TV, Murchie P, Watson MC. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions and survival after the diagnosis of head and neck and oesophageal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39(6):1015–22.doi:10.1016/j.canep.2015.10.030
13.Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Campbell PT, et al. Prediagnostic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gut 2011; 60(4):491–8.doi:10.1136/gut.2010.221143
14.Zell JA, Ziogas A, Bernstein L, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: effects on mortality after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Cancer 2009; 115(24):5662–71.doi:10.1002/cncr.24705
15.Cardwell CR, Kunzmann AT, Cantwell MM, et al. Low-dose aspirin use after diagnosis of colorectal cancer does not increase survival: a case-control analysis of a population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(3):700–708 e2.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.005
16.Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS. Aspirin use and survival after diagnosis of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2009; 302(6):649–58.doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1112
17.Domingo E, Church DN, Sieber O, et al. Evaluation of PIK3CA mutation as a predictor of benefit from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31(34):4297–305.doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.50.0322
18.McCowan C, Munro AJ, Donnan PT, et al. Use of aspirin post-diagnosis in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer and its association with all-cause and colorectal cancer specific mortality. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49(5):1049–57.doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.024
19.Walker AJ, Grainge MJ, Card TR. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and colorectal cancer survival: a cohort study. Br J Cancer 2012; 107(9):1602–7.doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.427
20.Kothari N, Kim R, Jorissen RN, et al. Impact of regular aspirin use on overall and cancer-specific survival in patients with colorectal cancer harboring a PIK3CA mutation. Acta Oncol 2015; 54(4):487–92.doi:10.3109/0284186X.2014.990158
21.Liao X, Lochhead P, Nishihara R, et al. Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(17):1596–606.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1207756
22.Gray RT, Coleman HG, Hughes C, et al. Low-dose aspirin use and survival in colorectal cancer: results from a population-based cohort study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1):228.doi:10.1186/s12885–018–4142-y
23.Hua X, Phipps AI, Burnett-Hartman AN, et al. Timing of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use Among Patients With Colorectal Cancer in Relation to Tumor Markers and Survival. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35(24):2806–2813.doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.72.3569
24.Sandler RS, Halabi S, Baron JA, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(10):883–90.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021633
25.Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(10):891–9.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021735
26.Ruffin MTt, Krishnan K, Rock CL, et al. Suppression of human colorectal mucosal prostaglandins: determining the lowest effective aspirin dose. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(15):1152–60.doi
27.Sample D, Wargovich M, Fischer SM, et al. A dose-finding study of aspirin for chemoprevention utilizing rectal mucosal prostaglandin E(2) levels as a biomarker. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11(3):275–9.doi
28.Bibbins-Domingo K, Force USPST. Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164(12):836–45.doi:10.7326/M16–0577
29.Chen WS, Wei SJ, Liu JM, et al. Tumor invasiveness and liver metastasis of colon cancer cells correlated with cyclooxygenase–2 (COX–2) expression and inhibited by a COX–2-selective inhibitor, etodolac. Int J Cancer 2001; 91(6):894–9.doi
30.Brown JR, DuBois RN. COX–2: a molecular target for colorectal cancer prevention. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(12):2840–55.doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.09.051
31.Wang D, Dubois RN. The role of COX–2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29(6):781–8.doi:10.1038/onc.2009.421
32.Dong M, Johnson M, Rezaie A, et al. Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 levels correlate with apoptosis in human colon tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11(6):2265–71.doi:10.1158/1078–0432.CCR–04–1079
33.Soumaoro LT, Uetake H, Higuchi T, et al. Cyclooxygenase–2 expression: a significant prognostic indicator for patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(24):8465–71.doi:10.1158/1078–0432.CCR–04–0653
34.Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, et al. High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science 2004; 304(5670):554.doi:10.1126/science.1096502
35.Kaur J, Sanyal SN. PI3-kinase/Wnt association mediates COX–2/PGE(2) pathway to inhibit apoptosis in early stages of colon carcinogenesis: chemoprevention by diclofenac. Tumour Biol 2010; 31(6):623–31.doi:10.1007/s13277–010–0078–9