Sample context
Samples of this study derive from various localities within the Superior, North China, West African, and East European Cratons, and the Yavapai province (USA). A list of all samples including location is given in Table 1.
Superior Craton
The Superior Craton forms the Archean core of the Canadian Shield and can be divided into the Western and Eastern Superior Province, which are further subdivided into 17 distinct tectonic terranes 31. (Meta-)granitoid- and greenstone-dominated terranes evolved independently from 3.7-2.75 Ga, followed by accretionary events associated with the trapping of sedimentary basins and high-temperature metamorphism, leading to the formation of a coherent Superior Craton by 2.60 Ga 31. Peraluminous granites are widespread within the Superior Craton, and their occurrence is described in detail by 56.
North China Craton
The North China Craton comprises Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement overlain by Mesoproterozoic to Cenozoic cover sequences 32. Recent publications subdivide the Precambrian basement of this region into three tectonic domains; Archean to Proterozoic Western and Eastern Blocks and a central Paleoproterozoic collisional Trans-North China Orogen 32. The Western Block comprises the Yinshan Block in the north and the Ordos Block in the south. The Neoarchean Yinshan Block comprises tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses and minor supracrustal rocks that were metamorphosed at ~2.5 Ga 57.
Baoulé-Mossi domain, West African Craton
The Paleoproterozoic (~2.3-2.0 Ga) Baoulé-Mossi domain in the southern portion of the West African Craton comprises sedimentary basins and volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks that are intruded by multiple generations of granitic rock 33, and references therein. The emplacement of felsic intrusions across the Baoulé-Mossi domain is associated with the 2.2-1.8 Eburnean Orogeny 58. No agreement has been reached upon the tectonic model for the Paleoproterozoic evolution. Proposed scenarios include plume-related, subduction-related, and continental collision-related models 33, and references therein.
Ukrainian Shield, East European Craton
The Ukrainian Shield is a region of exposed Archean and Proterozoic crust within Samartia in the southwestern part of the East European Craton. The Ukrainian Shield is comprised by several tectonic blocks separated by suture zones described in detail by 59. High grade metamorphism and associated magmatism occurred in multiple domains of the Ukrainian Shield at ~2.8 and 2.1-2.0 Ga and may reflect an active-margin setting 59.
Svecofennian domain, Baltic Shield, East European Craton
The Svecofennian Orogeny in Finland between 1.91 and 1.87 Ga involved accretion of island arc complexes and older crustal fragments to the Archean basement of the Karelian Craton 34. In southernmost Finland, ~2.0-1.8 Ga old crust was intruded by sediment-derived granites at 1.84-1.83 Ga associated with high-temperature, low-pressure granulite facies metamorphism and migmatization 60. This complex, referred to as the late Svecofennian granite-migmatite zone, includes the Sulkava, West Uusuma, and Turku areas 61. Granitic material is abundant in the Turku area. Mostly, these magmas occur as garnet and cordierite bearing leucosome in magmatic metapelites 34.
Yavapai province
The Yavapai province (or Colorado province) south of the Wyoming Craton comprises ~1.79-1.66 Ga volcanic-plutonic suites and sediments that are interpreted to have formed in a convergent margin setting 62. These rocks experienced multiple deformational episodes associated with metamorphism and plutonism between 1.71 and 1.62 Ga described in detail by Hoffman, (1988). The deformational episodes were followed by two pulses of calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism at 1.50-1.42 Ga and 1.40-1.34 Ga 63.
Sample ID
|
Locality
|
Latitude
|
Longitude
|
Lithology
|
Mineralogy
|
Reference
|
|
|
17FIN01
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.498
|
22.262
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
17FIN02
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.470
|
22.368
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
17FIN03B
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.425
|
22.382
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
17FIN04A
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.461
|
22.176
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
17FIN05B
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.546
|
22.128
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
17FIN06
|
Svecofennian domain
|
60.482
|
22.018
|
Grt migmatite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
19GH11B
|
West African Craton
|
-1.609
|
5.140
|
Bt Ms granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
19GH9
|
West African Craton
|
-1.377
|
5.340
|
Bt Ms granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
19GH3
|
West African Craton
|
-1.156
|
5.160
|
Grt granite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
18IM19
|
North China Craton
|
40.693
|
109.641
|
Grt granite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM20
|
North China Craton
|
40.709
|
109.643
|
Grt granitoid
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM23D
|
North China Craton
|
40.811
|
110.258
|
Grt granite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM25C
|
North China Craton
|
41.182
|
109.479
|
Ms Bt granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl(+Bt)
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM11B
|
North China Craton
|
40.604
|
112.500
|
Grt granitoid
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM12B
|
North China Craton
|
40.839
|
112.565
|
Grt quartz rich granitoid
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM13C
|
North China Craton
|
41.084
|
110.924
|
Grt granite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt(+Ms)
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM15B
|
North China Craton
|
40.994
|
110.947
|
Grt granitoid
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM3
|
North China Craton
|
40.848
|
113.921
|
Grt granite
|
Grt+Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl(+Bt)
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
|
15K-2
|
Ukrainian Shield
|
50.980
|
28.680
|
Granite
|
Qz+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
CO-17-8
|
Yavapai province
|
39.776
|
105.780
|
Bt Ms granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
SP-16-20a
|
Superior Craton
|
49.815
|
93.020
|
Bt Ms granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-16-2b
|
Superior Craton
|
47.661
|
92.939
|
Bt Ms granite
|
Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-16-34
|
Superior Craton
|
49.848
|
92.694
|
Bt Ms Grt granite
|
Ms+Qz+Grt+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-17-43
|
Superior Craton
|
50.741
|
93.209
|
Bt Ms Grt granite
|
Ms+Qz+Grt+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
SP-17-33
|
Superior Craton
|
50.284
|
94.495
|
Bt Grt granite
|
Grt+Bt+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
this study
|
|
SP-17-38
|
Superior Craton
|
49.863
|
93.771
|
Ms Grt granite
|
Grt+Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
this study
|
|
SP-17-82
|
Superior Craton
|
51.200
|
92.383
|
Ms Grt granite
|
Grt+Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
SP-17-71
|
Superior Craton
|
50.994
|
92.328
|
Ms Grt granite
|
Grt+Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
SP-17-13
|
Superior Craton
|
48.906
|
89.213
|
Bt Grt granite
|
Grt+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
SP-17-50
|
Superior Craton
|
50.847
|
92.105
|
Bt Ms Grt granite
|
Grt+Ms+Qz+Afs+Pl+Bt
|
this study
|
|
Table 1. Summary of sample locations, lithologies, and mineralogy. Minerals in parentheses are accessory phases.
Mineral abbreviations: Qz, quartz; Afs, alkali feldspar; Pl, plagioclase; Grt, garnet; Ms, muscovite, Bt, biotite.
Sample ID
|
Major element concentrations (reported as oxide wt %)
|
|
|
|
SiO2
|
TiO2
|
Al2O3
|
Fe2O3
|
MgO
|
CaO
|
Na2O
|
K2O
|
P2O5
|
MnO
|
LOI
|
Total
|
ASI
|
ACNK
|
Reference
|
|
19GH11B
|
73.78
|
0.08
|
14.74
|
0.55
|
0.15
|
1.25
|
3.39
|
5.63
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.22
|
99.81
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
this study
|
|
19GH9
|
73.23
|
0.11
|
15.67
|
1.06
|
0.28
|
2.91
|
5.02
|
1.14
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.63
|
100.09
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
this study
|
|
19GH3
|
73.16
|
0.05
|
16.96
|
0.33
|
0.14
|
0.91
|
4.36
|
2.34
|
0.08
|
0.01
|
1.31
|
99.64
|
1.5
|
1.5
|
this study
|
|
17FIN01
|
74.00
|
0.04
|
13.38
|
2.13
|
0.28
|
0.26
|
2.05
|
7.40
|
0.11
|
0.02
|
0.58
|
100.26
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
this study
|
|
17FIN02
|
61.87
|
0.85
|
17.24
|
7.95
|
2.94
|
1.18
|
2.45
|
3.84
|
0.06
|
0.03
|
1.41
|
99.81
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
this study
|
|
17FIN03B
|
60.20
|
0.82
|
17.37
|
8.76
|
2.41
|
2.15
|
3.73
|
3.53
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.69
|
99.81
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
this study
|
|
17FIN04A
|
71.01
|
0.23
|
14.58
|
3.56
|
0.95
|
1.62
|
3.02
|
4.40
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.49
|
100.01
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
this study
|
|
17FIN05B
|
56.62
|
0.89
|
18.71
|
8.63
|
3.91
|
1.42
|
2.63
|
5.86
|
0.08
|
0.04
|
1.24
|
100.02
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
this study
|
|
17FIN06A
|
64.84
|
0.66
|
15.99
|
6.92
|
2.21
|
1.62
|
2.92
|
3.45
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
1.16
|
99.89
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
this study
|
|
17FIN06B
|
70.66
|
0.06
|
15.00
|
3.88
|
0.72
|
1.47
|
3.14
|
4.28
|
0.10
|
0.04
|
0.71
|
100.06
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
this study
|
|
18IM19
|
72.13
|
0.31
|
14.05
|
3.51
|
1.41
|
1.27
|
2.49
|
3.68
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.73
|
99.69
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
this study
|
|
15K-2
|
62.29
|
0.57
|
17.36
|
5.97
|
1.76
|
3.23
|
5.15
|
2.19
|
0.33
|
0.06
|
0.90
|
99.81
|
1.1
|
1.0
|
this study
|
|
18IM11B
|
61.93
|
1.06
|
18.04
|
6.58
|
2.18
|
2.88
|
2.80
|
3.58
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.22
|
99.38
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM12B
|
69.05
|
0.14
|
14.73
|
5.97
|
1.90
|
2.85
|
2.32
|
1.03
|
0.03
|
0.13
|
0.77
|
98.92
|
1.5
|
1.5
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM13C
|
70.74
|
0.33
|
14.84
|
3.06
|
0.87
|
3.04
|
3.29
|
1.73
|
0.10
|
0.01
|
1.00
|
99.01
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM15B
|
65.23
|
0.58
|
15.48
|
7.01
|
2.12
|
3.52
|
2.84
|
0.96
|
0.09
|
0.09
|
1.34
|
99.25
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM19
|
72.13
|
0.31
|
14.05
|
3.51
|
1.41
|
1.27
|
2.49
|
3.68
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.73
|
99.69
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM20
|
63.52
|
0.26
|
17.78
|
6.13
|
1.81
|
2.63
|
3.50
|
3.05
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.85
|
99.69
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM23D
|
71.76
|
0.11
|
14.05
|
2.83
|
0.79
|
0.60
|
2.01
|
6.51
|
0.12
|
0.04
|
0.50
|
99.32
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM25C
|
74.42
|
0.06
|
13.17
|
0.95
|
0.17
|
0.95
|
2.71
|
5.80
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.89
|
99.15
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
18IM3
|
77.57
|
0.37
|
10.88
|
3.01
|
0.87
|
1.03
|
2.23
|
2.72
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.68
|
99.45
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Liebman et al. 2020a
|
|
SP-16-20a
|
74.14
|
0.10
|
13.97
|
0.92
|
0.27
|
0.65
|
2.70
|
6.62
|
0.12
|
0.01
|
0.35
|
99.86
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-16-2b
|
72.83
|
0.18
|
14.50
|
1.33
|
0.31
|
1.11
|
4.05
|
4.58
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
0.53
|
99.53
|
1.1
|
1.1
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-16-34
|
75.30
|
0.08
|
14.30
|
0.73
|
0.25
|
0.84
|
2.80
|
5.00
|
0.05
|
0.02
|
0.61
|
99.97
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Bucholz et al. 2018
|
|
SP-17-71
|
75.31
|
0.05
|
14.11
|
0.71
|
0.06
|
0.60
|
5.45
|
1.58
|
0.11
|
0.17
|
0.97
|
98.08
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
SP-17-82
|
75.45
|
0.05
|
14.27
|
0.44
|
0.01
|
0.32
|
4.85
|
3.74
|
0.02
|
0.08
|
0.74
|
99.18
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
CO-17-8
|
70.54
|
0.39
|
14.37
|
2.95
|
0.49
|
1.24
|
2.56
|
5.78
|
0.28
|
0.03
|
1.25
|
99.58
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Bucholz and Spencer, 2019
|
|
Table 2: Bulk rock major element concentrations. The aluminium saturation index (ASI) is calculated as molecular Al/(Ca - 1.67P + Na + K); ACNK is calculated as molecular Al/(Ca + Na + K).
Sample ID
|
Locality
|
Age ± 2σ
|
zircon
|
garnet
|
pyrite
|
Reference
|
Ma
|
δ18O [‰]
|
2σ
|
δ18O [‰]
|
2σ
|
δ34S [‰]
|
2σ
|
∆33S [‰]
|
2σ
|
17FIN01
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1850 1)
|
-
|
-
|
10.39
|
0.20
|
1.54
|
0.99
|
-0.01
|
0.08
|
this study
|
17FIN02
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1896 ± 26
|
8.78
|
3.22
|
9.87
|
0.24
|
-0.87
|
0.90
|
-0.02
|
0.07
|
this study
|
17FIN03B
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1824 ± 13
|
9.32
|
1.16
|
9.48
|
0.51
|
-0.09
|
0.88
|
0.01
|
0.08
|
this study
|
17FIN04A
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1850 1)
|
10.37
|
3.46
|
10.02
|
0.10
|
0.85
|
1.41
|
0.01
|
0.06
|
this study
|
17FIN05B
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1836 ± 11
|
10.52
|
0.77
|
10.30
|
0.11
|
1.61
|
0.55
|
-0.01
|
0.06
|
this study
|
17FIN06
|
Svecofennian domain
|
1815 ± 16
|
10.20
|
0.61
|
10.28
|
0.11
|
1.58
|
0.93
|
-0.01
|
0.07
|
this study
|
19GH11B
|
West African Craton
|
2188 ± 20
|
5.34
|
0.83
|
-
|
-
|
-3.71
|
1.51
|
-0.05
|
0.07
|
this study
|
15K-2
|
Ukrainian Shield
|
2144 ± 28
|
8.86
|
0.81
|
-
|
-
|
9.72
|
0.99
|
-0.04
|
0.06
|
this study
|
CO-17-8
|
Yavapai procinve
|
1447 ± 50
|
8.74
|
0.61
|
-
|
-
|
3.31
|
0.26
|
-0.02
|
0.05
|
this study
|
SP-16-20a
|
Superior Craton
|
2654 ± 24
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.60
|
0.56
|
0.13
|
0.06
|
this study
|
SP-16-2b
|
Superior Craton
|
2664 ± 45
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1.79
|
0.61
|
0.18
|
0.05
|
this study
|
SP-17-43
|
Superior Craton
|
2690 2)
|
-
|
-
|
7.06
|
0.09
|
-13.33
|
0.36
|
0.16
|
0.04
|
this study
|
18IM19
|
North China Craton
|
2478 ± 18
|
7.21
|
0.58
|
7.50
|
0.41
|
-1.26
|
1.29
|
-0.29
|
0.12
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM20
|
North China Craton
|
2374 ± 48
|
7.39
|
0.70
|
7.22
|
0.05
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM11B
|
North China Craton
|
1901 ± 17
|
10.8
|
0.90
|
10.77
|
0.14
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM12B
|
North China Craton
|
1929 ± 29
|
9.74
|
1.16
|
10.05
|
0.12
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM3
|
North China Craton
|
1917 ± 70
|
11.41
|
1.00
|
11.52
|
0.12
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM25C
|
North China Craton
|
2493 ± 28
|
6.86
|
0.89
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study, Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM13C
|
North China Craton
|
2536 ± 13
|
8.12
|
0.70
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM15B
|
North China Craton
|
2530 ± 60
|
8.57
|
0.42
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
18IM23D
|
North China Craton
|
2453 ± 11
|
6.31
|
0.63
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Liebmann et al. 2020a
|
19GH9
|
West African Craton
|
2183 ± 14
|
4.93
|
0.82
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
19GH3
|
West African Craton
|
2180 1)
|
-
|
-
|
9.72
|
0.09
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-16-34
|
Superior Craton
|
2654 ± 24
|
-
|
-
|
7.99
|
0.10
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-33
|
Superior Craton
|
2650 1)
|
-
|
-
|
7.85
|
0.13
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-38
|
Superior Craton
|
2650 1)
|
-
|
-
|
6.93
|
0.11
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-82
|
Superior Craton
|
2650 1)
|
-
|
-
|
6.06
|
0.12
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-71
|
Superior Craton
|
2650 1)
|
-
|
-
|
6.92
|
0.09
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-13
|
Superior Craton
|
2660 ± 10 3)
|
-
|
-
|
7.15
|
0.10
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
SP-17-50
|
Superior Craton
|
2650 1)
|
-
|
-
|
7.55
|
0.09
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
this study
|
Table 3. Summary of O and S geochemistry, and crystallization ages. Isotopic data is given as weighted average. 1) expected age (see appendix A), 2) age from 87, 3) age from 88.