3.1 Water quality of rivers
Water samples collected from different locations along the rivers indicated significant (p < 0.05) variations in most of the water quality parameters (Table 1). Waters of these rivers were alkaline (pH 7.6–8.6) and highly saline (EC 2.45–38.3 dSm− 1) in nature and had high (p < 0.05) TDS (1.26–30.86 gL− 1), TSS (0.14–5.39 gL− 1) and alkalinity (24–250 mgL− 1). Likewise concentrations of Na (1.50–30.00 gL− 1), K (29.0-1100.0 mgL− 1) and Ca(136.0-3800.0 mgL− 1) were also high (p < 0.05) in most of the samples, whereas available NH4-N (1.08–20.69 mgL− 1), NO3-N (0.44–9.10 mg L− 1) and PO4-P (3.10–13.40 mgL− 1) were low (p < 0.05) according to Indian standard of irrigation water. Concentrations of Cu, Co, Se, Cd and Pb were < 180 µg L− 1, but Mn was high (25.2 -2439.3 µg L− 1).Average water EC, TDS, TSS, alkalinity, Na, NH4-N and NO3-N were higher (p < 0.05) in Luni River, pH and Cu concentration were higher (p < 0.05) in Bandi river, and K, Ca, PO4-P, Mn, Co, Cd and Pb concentrations were higher (p < 0.05)in the water flowing in Jojari river as compared to the other rivers. While considering different sites, most of the water quality parameters were highest at Balotra- the highest effluent loading point in Luni River, whereas TDS, Ca, Co and Cu showed increasing trend from Dhundhara to Tilwara. Along Bandi River, highest values of water quality parameters were nearby Pali city, but did not show any trend except a decreasing trend in TDS and Cu concentration along the river course. Most of the water quality parameters were highest at Kharada Randhir and showed a decreasing trend, whereas Mn, Co, Cu and Se exhibited an increasing trend between Kharada Randhir and Doli.
Table 1 Changes in quality of effluent-dominated water flowing in Luni, Bandi and Jojari Rivers at different locations in western Rajasthan
Water parameter
|
Site of sampling
|
Luni River
|
Dhundhara
|
Samdari
|
Balotra
|
Jasol
|
Tilwara
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.60
|
8.50
|
8.30
|
7.60
|
8.20
|
8.24
|
EC (dSm-1)
|
12.19
|
27.50
|
13.06
|
7.38
|
38.20
|
19.67
|
TDS (g L-1)
|
7.29
|
11.71
|
7.49
|
5.45
|
30.86
|
12.56
|
TSS (g L-1)
|
0.39
|
5.39
|
0.43
|
0.33
|
3.23
|
1.95
|
Alkalinity (mg L-1)
|
120.0
|
128.0
|
184.0
|
100.0
|
120.0
|
130.4
|
Na (g L-1)
|
5.80
|
8.90
|
8.90
|
2.30
|
17.80
|
8.74
|
K (mg L-1)
|
79.0
|
148.0
|
159.0
|
57.0
|
126.0
|
113.8
|
Ca (mg L-1)
|
720.0
|
980.0
|
1030.0
|
1360.0
|
1480.0
|
1114.0
|
PO4-P (mg L-1)
|
7.70
|
5.60
|
3.10
|
3.50
|
6.80
|
5.34
|
NH4-N (mg L-1)
|
2.84
|
18.91
|
20.69
|
3.89
|
1.08
|
9.48
|
NO3-N mg L-1)
|
0.44
|
7.00
|
9.10
|
1.04
|
0.46
|
3.61
|
Mn(mg L-1)
|
0.05
|
0.09
|
1.33
|
1.23
|
1.01
|
0.74
|
Co (µg L-1)
|
0.80
|
2.62
|
2.75
|
2.79
|
3.71
|
2.53
|
Cu (µg L-1)
|
26.72
|
39.80
|
63.28
|
69.41
|
67.05
|
53.25
|
Se (µg L-1)
|
0.38
|
0.19
|
1.35
|
1.52
|
1.58
|
1.00
|
Cd (µg L-1)
|
0.02
|
0.06
|
0.13
|
0.15
|
0.12
|
0.10
|
Pb(µg L-1)
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
Bandi River
|
Pali
|
Punayata
|
Jawadia
|
Gadwara
|
NehraBandh
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.30
|
8.60
|
7.90
|
8.30
|
8.20
|
8.26
|
EC (dSm-1)
|
7.77
|
5.12
|
6.64
|
7.13
|
6.75
|
6.68
|
TDS (g L-1)
|
4.75
|
3.28
|
3.88
|
4.19
|
3.51
|
3.92
|
TSS (mg L-1)
|
0.31
|
0.26
|
0.36
|
0.32
|
0.26
|
0.30
|
Alkalinity (mg L-1)
|
124.0
|
60.0
|
44.0
|
88.0
|
80.0
|
79.2
|
Na (g L-1)
|
4.00
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
3.12
|
K (mg L-1)
|
68.0
|
79.0
|
166.0
|
84.0
|
166.0
|
112.6
|
Ca (mg L-1)
|
550.0
|
420.0
|
440.0
|
500.0
|
440.0
|
470.0
|
PO4-P (mg L-1)
|
7.00
|
7.70
|
8.50
|
7.50
|
5.30
|
7.20
|
NH4-N (mg L-1)
|
5.00
|
7.20
|
6.90
|
2.40
|
2.30
|
4.76
|
NO3-N mg L-1)
|
2.50
|
3.20
|
2.50
|
0.90
|
0.80
|
1.98
|
Mn(µg L-1)
|
47.09
|
83.92
|
26.19
|
32.13
|
25.20
|
42.91
|
Co (µg L-1)
|
0.80
|
0.76
|
0.75
|
0.79
|
1.29
|
0.88
|
Cu (µg L-1)
|
126.72
|
179.80
|
123.28
|
109.41
|
93.16
|
126.47
|
Se (µg L-1)
|
2.35
|
2.11
|
1.35
|
2.52
|
2.82
|
2.23
|
Cd (µg L-1)
|
0.04
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
Pb(µg L-1)
|
0.33
|
0.46
|
0.57
|
0.47
|
0.33
|
0.43
|
Jojari River
|
KhardaRandhir
|
Salawas
|
BhanduKalla
|
Dhawa
|
Doli
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.50
|
7.80
|
8.00
|
7.90
|
8.00
|
8.04
|
EC (dSm-1)
|
38.30
|
7.35
|
6.46
|
6.00
|
2.45
|
12.11
|
TDS (g L-1)
|
21.55
|
4.94
|
3.76
|
3.27
|
1.26
|
6.96
|
TSS (g L-1)
|
4.76
|
0.34
|
0.22
|
0.35
|
0.14
|
1.16
|
Alkalinity (mg L-1)
|
250.0
|
48.0
|
36.0
|
24.0
|
36.0
|
78.8
|
Na (mg L-1)
|
30.00
|
4.30
|
4.00
|
3.10
|
1.50
|
8.58
|
K (mg L-1)
|
700.0
|
1100.0
|
93.0
|
83.0
|
29.0
|
401.0
|
Ca (mg L-1)
|
3800.0
|
900.0
|
560.0
|
520.0
|
136.0
|
1183.2
|
PO4-P (mg L-1)
|
13.40
|
9.40
|
6.40
|
8.30
|
7.40
|
8.98
|
NH4-N (mg L-1)
|
5.68
|
3.29
|
1.92
|
4.24
|
2.02
|
3.43
|
NO3-N mg L-1)
|
2.42
|
1.34
|
0.64
|
1.52
|
0.95
|
1.37
|
Mn(mg L-1)
|
0.32
|
2.44
|
1.45
|
1.05
|
1.92
|
1.44
|
Co (µg L-1)
|
2.43
|
12.64
|
8.13
|
6.08
|
17.57
|
9.37
|
Cu (µg L-1)
|
60.28
|
65.41
|
70.56
|
49.87
|
85.63
|
66.35
|
Se (µg L-1)
|
0.00
|
0.44
|
0.64
|
0.88
|
2.16
|
0.82
|
Cd (µg L-1)
|
0.14
|
1.82
|
0.09
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
0.43
|
Pb(µg L-1)
|
1.23
|
0.51
|
0.17
|
0.04
|
0.28
|
0.45
|
3.2 Soil characteristics
Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil available phosphorus (PO4-P), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and exchangeable potassium (K) were higher (p < 0.05 except K) in upper 0–30 cm (8.62 unit, 4.01 dSm− 1, 16.21 mg kg− 1, 2.83 mg kg− 1, 1.21 mg kg− 1 and 219.2 mg kg− 1 respectively) as compared to 30–60 cm (8.33 unit, 2.46 dSm− 1, 9.65 mg kg− 1, 1.60 mg kg− 1, 0.75 mg kg− 1and 189.9 mg kg− 1 respectively) soil layer across all (Fig. 3). While considering the rivers, soil pH (p < 0.05), EC and available PO4-P were highest along Bandi River, whereas NH4-N, NO3-N and K (p < 0.05) were highest along Jojari River (Fig. 3A left panels). Lowest value of soil pH was along Jojari River, EC, PO4-P and K along Luni River, and NH4-N and NO3-N along the Bandi River. Among micro-habitats, soils of effluent-inflicted areas were high in pH, EC and PO4-P (Fig. 3A middle panels). Availability of NH4-N, NO3-N and K were highest in non-polluted soils (control area), whereas their lowest values were at river edge (Fig. 3B middle panels). The variations between highest and lowest values (0–60 cm soil layer) were 0.24, 5.96-fold, 1.40-fold, 1.34-fold, 1.23-fold, and 1.52-fold in soil pH, EC, NH4-N, NO3-N, PO4-P, and K respectively. While considering sites along the river, soil pH, PO4-P, NH4-N and NO3-N decreased downstream, whereas EC and K showed quadratic relationships. In this, soil EC was highest at starting point (i.e., Kharada Randhir along Jojari, Pali along Bandi River and Dhundhara along Luni River) decreased to lowest at second point and increased again at the last sampling site. Average soil K was highest at second site and decreased at both upstream and downstream.
3.3 Vegetation diversity
Total 49 species were recorded along the Luni, Bandi and Jojari rivers courses (Annexure 1). This included 10 trees, 10 shrubs and 29 herbaceous species (16 herbs, 3 sedges and 10 grasses). There were 34 (6 tree species, 9 shrubs, 8 herbs, 2 sedges and 9 grass species) species recorded along Luni River. It was followed by 24 species (8 trees, 3 shrubs, 8 herbs and 5 grasses) along the Bandi River. Numbers of species recorded along the Jojari River was lowest, i.e. 6 trees, 2 shrubs, 6 herbs, 1 sedge and 5 grasses. Species richness (R) and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’)of trees and shrubs dominance (D) were highest along Bandi River, R and H’ of shrubs and herbaceous species and species evenness (e’) of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species were highest along Luni, and tree and herbaceous species D were highest (p < 0.05) along Jojari River (Table 2). Jojari River exhibited lowest vegetation diversity. While considering microhabitats, species R and H’ of trees and shrubs, shrub e’ and herbaceous D were highest (p < 0.05) in non-polluted area (Table 2). Tree and shrubs D, tree e’ (p < 0.05) and herbaceous R and H’ were highest (p < 0.05) at river edge dominated by P. juliflora, P. cineraria, Acacia nilotica, Salvadora persica, Calotropis procera and Aerva persica, whereas Tamarix ericoides and Phragmite skarka were recorded at both river edge as well as effluent-inflicted areas (Annexure 1). Plant species flourishing along river edge were relatively more as compared to the number of species in effluent-inflicted area. Order of micro-habitats was: non-polluted > river edge > effluent-inflicted area fore number of species of trees and shrubs and river edge > non-polluted > effluent-inflicted area for herbaceous species. Common herbaceous species growing in effluent-inflicted area (high e’) of three rivers were Aeluropus lagopoides, Blumea spp., Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum virgatum, Glinus lotoides, Heliotropium curassavicum, Schoenoplectus articulates, Solanum surattense, Suaeda fruticosa and Typha angustifolia.
Table 2
Vegetation diversity under the influence of micro-habitats along different river courses in arid western Rajasthan
Water parameter
|
Site of sampling
|
Luni River
|
Dhundhara
|
Samdari
|
Balotra
|
Jasol
|
Tilwara
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.60
|
8.50
|
8.30
|
7.60
|
8.20
|
8.24
|
EC (dSm− 1)
|
12.19
|
27.50
|
13.06
|
7.38
|
38.20
|
19.67
|
TDS (g L− 1)
|
7.29
|
11.71
|
7.49
|
5.45
|
30.86
|
12.56
|
TSS (g L− 1)
|
0.39
|
5.39
|
0.43
|
0.33
|
3.23
|
1.95
|
Alkalinity (mg L− 1)
|
120.0
|
128.0
|
184.0
|
100.0
|
120.0
|
130.4
|
Na (g L− 1)
|
5.80
|
8.90
|
8.90
|
2.30
|
17.80
|
8.74
|
K (mg L− 1)
|
79.0
|
148.0
|
159.0
|
57.0
|
126.0
|
113.8
|
Ca (mg L− 1)
|
720.0
|
980.0
|
1030.0
|
1360.0
|
1480.0
|
1114.0
|
PO4-P (mg L− 1)
|
7.70
|
5.60
|
3.10
|
3.50
|
6.80
|
5.34
|
NH4-N (mg L− 1)
|
2.84
|
18.91
|
20.69
|
3.89
|
1.08
|
9.48
|
NO3-N mg L− 1)
|
0.44
|
7.00
|
9.10
|
1.04
|
0.46
|
3.61
|
Mn(mg L− 1)
|
0.05
|
0.09
|
1.33
|
1.23
|
1.01
|
0.74
|
Co (µg L− 1)
|
0.80
|
2.62
|
2.75
|
2.79
|
3.71
|
2.53
|
Cu (µg L− 1)
|
26.72
|
39.80
|
63.28
|
69.41
|
67.05
|
53.25
|
Se (µg L− 1)
|
0.38
|
0.19
|
1.35
|
1.52
|
1.58
|
1.00
|
Cd (µg L− 1)
|
0.02
|
0.06
|
0.13
|
0.15
|
0.12
|
0.10
|
Pb(µg L− 1)
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
Bandi River
|
Pali
|
Punayata
|
Jawadia
|
Gadwara
|
NehraBandh
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.30
|
8.60
|
7.90
|
8.30
|
8.20
|
8.26
|
EC (dSm− 1)
|
7.77
|
5.12
|
6.64
|
7.13
|
6.75
|
6.68
|
TDS (g L− 1)
|
4.75
|
3.28
|
3.88
|
4.19
|
3.51
|
3.92
|
TSS (mg L− 1)
|
0.31
|
0.26
|
0.36
|
0.32
|
0.26
|
0.30
|
Alkalinity (mg L− 1)
|
124.0
|
60.0
|
44.0
|
88.0
|
80.0
|
79.2
|
Na (g L− 1)
|
4.00
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
2.90
|
3.12
|
K (mg L− 1)
|
68.0
|
79.0
|
166.0
|
84.0
|
166.0
|
112.6
|
Ca (mg L− 1)
|
550.0
|
420.0
|
440.0
|
500.0
|
440.0
|
470.0
|
PO4-P (mg L− 1)
|
7.00
|
7.70
|
8.50
|
7.50
|
5.30
|
7.20
|
NH4-N (mg L− 1)
|
5.00
|
7.20
|
6.90
|
2.40
|
2.30
|
4.76
|
NO3-N mg L− 1)
|
2.50
|
3.20
|
2.50
|
0.90
|
0.80
|
1.98
|
Mn(µg L− 1)
|
47.09
|
83.92
|
26.19
|
32.13
|
25.20
|
42.91
|
Co (µg L− 1)
|
0.80
|
0.76
|
0.75
|
0.79
|
1.29
|
0.88
|
Cu (µg L− 1)
|
126.72
|
179.80
|
123.28
|
109.41
|
93.16
|
126.47
|
Se (µg L− 1)
|
2.35
|
2.11
|
1.35
|
2.52
|
2.82
|
2.23
|
Cd (µg L− 1)
|
0.04
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
Pb(µg L− 1)
|
0.33
|
0.46
|
0.57
|
0.47
|
0.33
|
0.43
|
Jojari River
|
KhardaRandhir
|
Salawas
|
BhanduKalla
|
Dhawa
|
Doli
|
Average
|
pH
|
8.50
|
7.80
|
8.00
|
7.90
|
8.00
|
8.04
|
EC (dSm− 1)
|
38.30
|
7.35
|
6.46
|
6.00
|
2.45
|
12.11
|
TDS (g L− 1)
|
21.55
|
4.94
|
3.76
|
3.27
|
1.26
|
6.96
|
TSS (g L− 1)
|
4.76
|
0.34
|
0.22
|
0.35
|
0.14
|
1.16
|
Alkalinity (mg L− 1)
|
250.0
|
48.0
|
36.0
|
24.0
|
36.0
|
78.8
|
Na (mg L− 1)
|
30.00
|
4.30
|
4.00
|
3.10
|
1.50
|
8.58
|
K (mg L− 1)
|
700.0
|
1100.0
|
93.0
|
83.0
|
29.0
|
401.0
|
Ca (mg L− 1)
|
3800.0
|
900.0
|
560.0
|
520.0
|
136.0
|
1183.2
|
PO4-P (mg L− 1)
|
13.40
|
9.40
|
6.40
|
8.30
|
7.40
|
8.98
|
NH4-N (mg L− 1)
|
5.68
|
3.29
|
1.92
|
4.24
|
2.02
|
3.43
|
NO3-N mg L− 1)
|
2.42
|
1.34
|
0.64
|
1.52
|
0.95
|
1.37
|
Mn(mg L− 1)
|
0.32
|
2.44
|
1.45
|
1.05
|
1.92
|
1.44
|
Co (µg L− 1)
|
2.43
|
12.64
|
8.13
|
6.08
|
17.57
|
9.37
|
Cu (µg L− 1)
|
60.28
|
65.41
|
70.56
|
49.87
|
85.63
|
66.35
|
Se (µg L− 1)
|
0.00
|
0.44
|
0.64
|
0.88
|
2.16
|
0.82
|
Cd (µg L− 1)
|
0.14
|
1.82
|
0.09
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
0.43
|
Pb(µg L− 1)
|
1.23
|
0.51
|
0.17
|
0.04
|
0.28
|
0.45
|
SNo
|
River
|
Micro-habitat
|
Diversity variables
|
R
|
H’
|
D
|
e’
|
1
|
Luni
|
Non-polluted
|
6
|
0.81
|
0.65
|
0.45
|
|
|
River edge
|
2
|
0.56
|
0.63
|
0.81
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
2
|
Bandi
|
Non-polluted
|
7
|
1.30
|
0.38
|
0.67
|
|
|
River edge
|
2
|
0.30
|
0.83
|
0.28
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
1
|
0.00
|
1.00
|
0.00
|
3
|
Jojari
|
Non-polluted
|
5
|
0.58
|
0.77
|
0.33
|
|
|
River edge
|
3
|
0.54
|
0.73
|
0.49
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
2
|
0.15
|
0.93
|
0.22
|
Shrub
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Luni
|
Non-polluted
|
6
|
1.48
|
0.29
|
0.83
|
|
|
River edge
|
2
|
0.33
|
0.82
|
0.47
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Bandi
|
Non-polluted
|
2
|
0.69
|
0.50
|
1.00
|
|
|
River edge
|
1
|
0.00
|
1.00
|
0.00
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
1
|
0.00
|
1.00
|
0.00
|
3
|
Jojari
|
Non-polluted
|
1
|
0.00
|
1.00
|
0.00
|
|
|
River edge
|
2
|
0.90
|
0.47
|
0.82
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
1
|
0.00
|
1.00
|
0.00
|
Herbs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Luni
|
Non-polluted
|
11
|
1.98
|
0.16
|
0.83
|
|
|
River edge
|
14
|
2.29
|
0.13
|
0.87
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
6
|
1.63
|
0.22
|
0.91
|
2
|
Bandi
|
Non-polluted
|
3
|
1.03
|
0.37
|
0.94
|
|
|
River edge
|
10
|
1.44
|
0.31
|
0.69
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
8
|
1.39
|
0.33
|
0.67
|
3
|
Jojari
|
Non-polluted
|
5
|
0.63
|
0.68
|
0.39
|
|
|
River edge
|
5
|
1.08
|
0.39
|
0.67
|
|
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
4
|
0.92
|
0.49
|
0.66
|
R species richness, H’ species diversity index, D species dominance, e’ species evenness |
3.4 Plant mineral status
Different mineral elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Sn and Zn were estimated in two tree species viz. P. juliflora and S. persica growing in the effluent-inflicted as well as non-polluted soils. Concentrations of these mineral elements were greater in the leaves of the plants growing in effluent-inflicted soils as compared to those growing in the normal soils (Table 3). However, concentrations of Cd and Cr were relatively high in leaves of S. persica as compared to the leaves of P. juliflora, whereas the concentrations of As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg and Zn were greater in leaves of P. julilora than in S. persica. Concentration of Sn observed almost similar in both the species.
Table 3
Concentrations of different mineral elements in plants growing under normal and effluent inflicted soils along Jojari River
SNo.
|
Element
|
Prosopisjuliflora
|
Salvadorapersica
|
|
|
Control
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
Control
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
1
|
Arsenic (As)
|
0.025
|
0.040
|
0.019
|
0.035
|
2
|
Cadmium (Cd)
|
0.66
|
0.690
|
1.71
|
1.74
|
3
|
Chromium (Cr)
|
2.80
|
4.90
|
6.59
|
7.30
|
4
|
Copper (Cu)
|
23.45
|
41.98
|
17.04
|
18.14
|
5
|
Iron (Fe)
|
248.89
|
284.01
|
149.19
|
164.98
|
6
|
Lead (Pb)
|
22.10
|
24.89
|
6.58
|
7.38
|
7
|
Mercury (Hg)
|
0.036
|
0.077
|
0.042
|
0.057
|
8
|
Tin (Sn)
|
10.56
|
11.22
|
10.79
|
12.09
|
9
|
Zinc (Zn)
|
169.67
|
173.12
|
11.25
|
17.90
|
3.5. Correlations
Soil pH was correlated positively to water pH, alkalinity and herbaceous H’ and negatively to water Mn and Cu concentrations. Soil EC showed positive correlations with water Cd and shrub dominance, but negative correlation to herbaceous e’. Soil available NO3-N showed positive correlations with alkalinity and water Na and Ca concentrations, whereas soil PO4-P was positively correlated to water Se. Soil K showed negative correlations with water pH, herb H’ and e’ and positive correlation with water Mn, Cd and shrub dominance (Table 4). Water TDS and alkalinity were correlated positively to herbaceous H’ (r = 0.308 to 0.340, n = 45, p < 0.05) and negatively to herbaceous D (r = 0.253 to 0.308). Water available PO4-P was correlated positively to tree (r = 0.341), shrub (r = 0.331) and herbaceous (r = 0.556) species dominance, and negatively to herbaceous R (r = -0.419), H’ (r=-0.560, p < 0.01) and e’ (r=-0.469). Likewise water available NH4-N and NO3-N had positive correlations (r = 0.258–0.402, p < 0.05) with herbaceous R, H’ and e’ and negative with species dominance (r=-0.332 to -379, p < 0.05). Concentrations of water K, Mn, Co and Pb were correlated positively to herbaceous D (r = 0.339–0.528) and negatively (r=-0.200 to -0.501, p < 0.05) to herbaceous R’, H’ and e’.
Table 4
Correlations between soil variables in different soil layers and effluent quality parameters and vegetation diversity variables along different rivers in western Rajasthan
Effluent/ vegetation variables
|
Soil variables
|
pH30
|
pH60
|
EC30
|
EC60
|
NH4-N30
|
NO3-N30
|
PO4-P30
|
K30
|
K60
|
pH
|
0.323*
|
0.346*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.348*
|
Alkalinity
|
0.488**
|
0.530**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.370*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Na
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.374*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Ca
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.440**
|
0.532**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Mn
|
-0.478**
|
-0.504**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
-
|
-
|
0.366*
|
Cu
|
-0.525**
|
-0.466**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Se
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.365*
|
-0.346*
|
0.306*
|
-
|
-
|
Cd
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.327*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.546*
|
SDom
|
-
|
|
0.299*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.295*
|
-
|
HDiv
|
-
|
0.298*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.376*
|
-0.389*
|
HDom
|
-
|
-0.339*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.423**
|
0.460**
|
He’
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.302*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.383**
|
-0.393**
|
SDom Shrub dominance,HDiv Herbaceous diversity, HDom herbaceous species dominance, He’ herbaceous species evenness |
Annexure 1 Availability of different species of tree, shrubs, herbs and grasses along river courses in western Rajasthan
River
|
Spp no.
|
Species
|
Habit
|
Micro-habitat
|
Non-polluted
|
River edge
|
Effluent-inflicted
|
Luni
|
1
|
Prosopisjuliflora
|
Tree
|
160.9
|
154.4
|
-
|
Luni
|
2
|
Salvadorapersica
|
Tree
|
35.1
|
145.6
|
-
|
Luni
|
3
|
Salvadoraoleoides
|
Tree
|
40.6
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
4
|
Prosopis cineraria
|
Tree
|
27.1
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
5
|
Acacia tortilis
|
Tree
|
21.3
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
6
|
Acacia nilotica
|
Tree
|
14.9
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
7
|
Tamarixericoides
|
Shrub
|
99.8
|
268.1
|
-
|
Luni
|
8
|
Aervapersica
|
Shrub
|
23.3
|
31.9
|
-
|
Luni
|
9
|
Lyciumbarbarum
|
Shrub
|
82.4
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
10
|
Calotropisprocera
|
Shrub
|
39.3
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
11
|
Crotolariaburhia
|
Shrub
|
28.2
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
13
|
Ziziphusnummularia
|
Shrub
|
27.0
|
-
|
-
|
Luni
|
14
|
Alhagimaurorum
|
Shrub
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
15
|
Blumea spp.
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Luni
|
16
|
Corchorusdepressus
|
Herb
|
+
|
-
|
|
Luni
|
17
|
Glinuslotoides
|
Herb
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Luni
|
18
|
Heliotropiumindica
|
Herb
|
+
|
-
|
|
Luni
|
19
|
Heliotropiumcurassavicum
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Luni
|
20
|
Pulicariacrispa
|
Herb
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
21
|
Sonchusarvensis
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
22
|
Suaedafruticosa
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Luni
|
23
|
Cyperusarenarius
|
Sedge
|
+
|
-
|
|
Luni
|
24
|
Cyperusrotundus
|
Sedge
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
25
|
Aeluropuslagopoides
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Luni
|
26
|
Aristidamutabilis
|
Grass
|
+
|
|
|
Luni
|
27
|
Paspalumvaginatum
|
Grass
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
Luni
|
28
|
Dactylocteniumsindicum
|
Grass
|
+
|
|
|
Luni
|
29
|
Desmostachyabipinnata
|
Grass
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
30
|
Eragrostisciliaris
|
Grass
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
31
|
Eragrostis minor
|
Grass
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
32
|
Grass bush unknown
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Luni
|
33
|
Schoenoplectusarticulatus
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Bandi
|
1
|
Prosopisjuliflora
|
Tree
|
151.1
|
224.5
|
300.0
|
Bandi
|
2
|
Salvadorapersica
|
Tree
|
-
|
75.5
|
-
|
Bandi
|
3
|
Capparis decidua
|
Tree
|
49.7
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
4
|
Leucaenaleucocephala
|
Tree
|
34.9
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
5
|
Tecomellaundulata
|
Tree
|
19.4
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
6
|
Salvadoraoleoides
|
Tree
|
18.7
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
7
|
Albizialebbeck
|
Tree
|
15.0
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
8
|
Prosopis cineraria
|
Tree
|
11.2
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
9
|
Acacia jacquemontii
|
Shrub
|
148.7
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
10
|
Calotropisprocera
|
Shrub
|
151.3
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
11
|
Tamarixericoides
|
Shrub
|
-
|
300.0
|
300.0
|
Bandi
|
12
|
Blumea spp.
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Bandi
|
13
|
Dhatura metal
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Bandi
|
14
|
Echinopsechinatus
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Bandi
|
15
|
Glinuslotoides
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Bandi
|
16
|
Heliotropiumcurassavicum
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Bandi
|
17
|
Solanumsurattense
|
Herb
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
Bandi
|
18
|
Tephrosiapurpurea
|
Herb
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Bandi
|
19
|
Xanthium straumarium
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Bandi
|
20
|
Cynodondactylon
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Bandi
|
21
|
Paspalumvirgatum
|
Grass
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
Bandi
|
22
|
Desmostachyabipinnata
|
Grass
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
23
|
Perotisindica
|
Grass
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Bandi
|
24
|
Schoenoplectusarticulatus
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Jojari
|
1
|
Prosopisjuliflora
|
Tree
|
144.1
|
171.5
|
248.2
|
Jojari
|
2
|
Acacia nilotica
|
Tree
|
-
|
94.7
|
-
|
Jojari
|
3
|
Prosopis cineraria
|
Tree
|
30.2
|
33.8
|
51.8
|
Jojari
|
4
|
Salvadoraoleoides
|
Tree
|
95.8
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
5
|
Capparis decidua
|
Tree
|
20.1
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
6
|
Salvadorapersica
|
Tree
|
9.8
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
7
|
Calotropisprocera
|
Shrub
|
300.0
|
211.7
|
|
Jojari
|
8
|
Phragmiteskarka
|
Grass
|
-
|
88.3
|
300.0
|
Jojari
|
9
|
Cassia italica
|
Herb
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
10
|
Echinopsechinatus
|
Herb
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
11
|
Heliotropiumcurassavicum
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Jojari
|
12
|
Partheniumhysterophorus
|
Herb
|
+
|
|
-
|
Jojari
|
13
|
Peristrophepaniculata
|
Herb
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
Jojari
|
14
|
Solanumsurattense
|
Herb
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Jojari
|
15
|
Typhaangustifolia
|
Sedge
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
Jojari
|
16
|
Aeuleuropuslagopoides
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
Jojari
|
17
|
Paspalumvirgatum
|
Grass
|
-
|
-
|
+
|
Jojari
|
18
|
Eragrostisciliaris
|
Grass
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
Jojari
|
19
|
Saccharummunja.
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
Jojari
|
20
|
Schoenoplectusarticulatus
|
Grass
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
46
|
41
|
24
|