Use of GIS in Hydrogeochemical Study and Quality Status From Pudukkottai District, Tamil Nadu, India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-577840/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Use of GIS in Hydrogeochemical Study and Quality Status From Pudukkottai District, Tamil Nadu, India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-577840/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

This study focused on hydrogeochemical characterisation and groundwater quality deterioration based on drinking, irrigation purposes in Pudukottai district. Eighty-seven groundwater samples were collected from the bore and dug wells during pre and post monsoon seasons in the year 2019. The order of mean abundance of ions is followed as C l > HCO3 > Na > SO4 > Mg > Ca > K (325.5 > 182.2 > 181.4 > 83.2 > 51.1 > 35.8> 9.1 > 8.6 > o.9 > 0.3) and Cl > Na > HCO3 > SO4 > Mg > Ca > K (415.7 > 230.3 > 198.2 > 82.9 > 53.8 > 43.4 > 14.9) in both seasons. Analytical results are used in Piper, Gibbs, Na% vs. EC, USSL, and PI to evaluate the hydrogeochemical processes. Rock water interaction and evaporation processes causing variations in hydrogeochemistry of the study area during pre and postmonsoon. Nearly 15 % of the groundwater samples were not permissible for drinking based on the standard, which is distributed in south eastern region of the study area. It is revealed from Na%, SAR, RSC, MgC and KR results that majority of the groundwater samples are fit for irrigation uses. The higher concentration of EC, TDS, Cl and Na values noted in south region due to the sea water intrusion that attributed by excess pumping in the coastal regions. The drinking water quality index (DWQI) and irrigation water quality index (IRWQI) are calculated to identify the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, this research concludes that the groundwater quality of maximum part in the district is appropriate for drinking as well as agriculture which can be used for the sustainable growth. It is also recommended implementing the artificial recharge techniques to improve the groundwater quality.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Policy

Hydrogeochemical

groundwater quality

DWQI

IRWQI and GIS

Table 1. Statistics of the water quality parameters in both seasons

S.No	Analytical Parameters	Premonsoon				Postmonsoon
S.No	Analytical Parameters	Min	Max	Avg	St.dev	Min	Max	Avg	St.dev
1	pH	7	8.4	7.7	0.35	7	8.8	8.33	0.33
2	EC(µS/Cm)	150	11340	1411	1480.9	270	10170	1699.1	1650
3	TDS(mg/L)	78	7248	822.4	926.41	145	5938	982.95	980.72
4	Ca(mg/L)	10	116	35.75	23.18	8	224	43.35	35.14
5	Mg(mg/L)	8.51	359.64	51.09	52.18	10.9	233.28	53.83	47.59
6	Na(mg/L)	1	1766	181.4	240.1	6	1916	230.25	286.12
7	K(mg/L)	0.1	168	9.07	20.64	0.1	117	14.85	20.09
8	Cl(mg/L)	18	4013	325.3	502.05	32	2836	415.72	509.24
9	CO3(mg/L)	BDL	12	0.91	2.29	BDL	36	8.86	9.75
10	HCO3(mg/L)	44.26	695.4	182.2	113.82	9.64	768.6	198.17	121.79
11	SO4(mg/L)	3	576	83.15	100.28	5	480	82.88	90
12	F(mg/L)	0.05	1	0.29	0.26	0.05	1.63	0.5	0.31
13	NO2+NO3(mg/L)	0.05	84	8.568	12.17	0.1	45	6.37	7.7.0

Table 2. Water quality standards for drinking based on WHO and BIS

Parameters	Ground water class	Range	Premonsoon		Postmonsson
Parameters	Ground water class	Range	In. No	In.%	In. No	In.%
pH	Poor	<6.5	Nil	-	Nil	-
	Excellent	6.5-8.5	87	100.00	66	75.86
	Poor	>8.5	Nil	-	21	24.13
TDS(mg/L)	Excellent	0-500	40	45.97	33	37.93
	Good	501-2000	43	49.42	46	52.87
	Poor	>2000	4	4.59	8	9.19
Ca(mg/L)	Excellent	0-75	79	90.80	74	85.05
	Good	76-200	8	9.19	12	13.79
	Poor	>200	Nil	-	1	1.14
Mg(mg/L)	Excellent	0-30	40	45.97	34	39.08
	Good	30-100	37	42.52	40	45.97
	Poor	>100	8	9.19	13	14.94
Cl(mg/L)	Excellent	0-250	52	59.10	46	52.87
	Good	250-1000	32	36.78	33	37.93
	Poor	>1000	4	4.59	8	9.19
SO4(mg/L)	Excellent	0-200	76	87.35	83	95.40
	Good	201-400	7	8.04	3	3.44
	Poor	>400	4	4.59	1	1.14
F(mg/L)	Excellent	0-1	85	97.70	81	93.10
	Good	1.1-1.5	2	2.29	5	5.74
	Poor	>1.5	Nil	-	1	1.14

Table 3. Groundwater suitability for irrigation as per the calculated parameters

Parameters	Range	Class	No.of Samples		% of Samples
Parameters	Range	Class	PRM	POM	PRM	POM
EC	<250	Excellent	3	Nil	3.44	-
	250–750	Good	34	29	39	33.33
	750–2,000	Permissible	33	35	37.8	40.22
	2,000–3,000	Doubtful	14	12	16.09	13.79
	>3,000	Unsuitable	3	11	3.44	12.64
TDS	<1000	Excellent	63	59	72.4	67.81
	1000-3000	Suitable	21	24	24.13	27.58
	>3000	Unsuitable	3	4	3.44	4.5
TH	<75	Soft	5	Nil	5.74	-
	75–150	Moderately	21	18	24.13	20.68
	150–300	Hard	36	39	41.37	44.82
	>300	Very hard	25	30	28.73	34.48
Na%	<20	Excellent	3	3	3.44	3.44
	20-40	Good	23	21	26.45	24.13
	40-60	Permissible	37	33	42.53	37.93
	60-80	Doubtful	20	28	22.99	32.18
	>80	Unsuitable	4	2	4.59	2.29
SAR	<10	Excellent	73	76	83.9	87.35
	10–18	Good	13	9	14.94	10.34
	18–26	Doubtful	1	2	1.14	2.29
	>26	Unsuitable	Nil	Nil	-	-
PI	100-75%	Good	43	51	49.43	58.62
	75-25%	Moderate	38	36	43.68	41.38
	<25%	Poor	6	Nil	6.90	-
MgC	<50	Suitable	30	32	34.48	36.78
MgC	>50	Unsuitable	57	55	65.51	63.21
RSC	<1.25	Safe	84	81	96.56	93.12
	1.25–2.5	Marginally suitable	3	4	3.44	4.59
	>2.5	Not suitable	Nil	2	-	2.29
KR	<1	Suitable	47	44	54.02	50.57
KR	>1	Unsuitable	40	43	45.97	49.42

Table 4. Relative weights for drinking WQI based on WHO & BIS standards

Parameters	Condition	Range	Rank (qi)	Weight (Wi)	Relative Weight (Rwi)
pH	Unsuitable	<6.5	2	5	0.2
	Suitable	6.5-8.5	1
	Unsuitable	>8.5	2
TDS(mg/L)	Suitable	0-500	1	5	0.2
	Permissible	501-2000	2
	Unsuitable	>2000	3
Ca(mg/L)	Suitable	0-75	1	3	0.12
	Permissible	76-200	2
	Unsuitable	>200	3
Mg(mg/L)	Suitable	0-30	1	2	0.08
	Permissible	30-100	2
	Unsuitable	>100	3
Cl(mg/L)	Suitable	0-250	1	4	0.16
	Permissible	250-1000	2
	Unsuitable	>1000	3
SO4(mg/L)	Suitable	0-200	1	1	0.04
	Permissible	201-400	2
	Unsuitable	>400	3
F(mg/L)	Suitable	0-1	1	5	0.2
	Permissible	1.1-1.5	2
	Unsuitable	>1.5	3

Table 5. Relative weights for IRWQI based on irrigation water quality parameters

Parameters	Range	Class	Rank (qi)	Weight (Wi)	Relative Weight (Rwi)
EC	<250	Excellent	1	5	0.19
	250–750	Good	2
	750–2,000	Permissible	3
	2,000–3,000	Doubtful	4
	>3,000	Unsuitable	5
TDS	<1000	Excellent	1	4	0.15
	1000-3000	Suitable	2
	>3000	Unsuitable	5
TH	<75	Soft	1	2	0.08
	75–150	Moderate	2
	150–300	Hard	3
	>300	Very hard	4
Na%	<20	Excellent	1	4	0.15
	20-40	Good	2
	40-60	Permissible	3
	60-80	Doubtful	4
	>80	Unsuitable	5
MgC	<50	Suitable	1	2	0.08
MgC	>50	Unsuitable	5	2	0.08
RSC	<1.25	Safe	1	3	0.12
	1.25–2.5	Marginally suitable	3
	>2.5	Unsuitable	5
SAR	<10	Excellent	1	5	0.19
	10–18	Good	2
	18–26	Doubtful	3
	>26	Unsuitable	5
KR	<1	Suitable	1	1	0.04
KR	>1	Unsuitable	5	1	0.04

Table 6. Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) class area for Pudukottai district

Sl. No	Class	Premonsoon		Postmonsoon
Sl. No	Class	Area in Sq.km	Area in %	Area in Sq.km	Area in %
1	Suitable	2614.3	56.06	2620.3	56.19
2	Permissible	303.5	6.51	424.7	9.11
3	Unsuitable	1745.2	37.43	1618.0	34.70

Table 7. Irrigation Water Quality Index (IRWQI) class area for Pudukottai district

Sl.No	Class	Premonsoon		Postmonsoon
Sl.No	Class	Area in Sq.km	Area in %	Area in Sq.km	Area in %
1	Excellent	2414.5	51.78	2098.3	45.00
2	Good	171.9	3.69	140.5	3.01
3	Permissible	158.7	3.40	199.1	4.27
4	Doubtful	198.4	4.25	327.9	7.03
5	Unsuitable	1719.5	36.87	1897.2	40.69

Download PDF

Reviews received at journal
18 Jun, 2021
Reviewers invited by journal
14 Jun, 2021
Editor assigned by journal
03 Jun, 2021
First submitted to journal
30 May, 2021

You are reading this latest preprint version

Use of GIS in Hydrogeochemical Study and Quality Status From Pudukkottai District, Tamil Nadu, India

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Full Text

Tables

Status:

Version 1