1 Brochet, B. & Ruet, A. Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis With Regards to Disease Duration and Clinical Phenotypes. Frontiers in neurology 10, doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00261 (2019).
2 Fuso, S. F., Callegaro, D., Pompeia, S. & Bueno, O. F. Working memory impairment in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting patients with episodic memory deficits. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68, 205-211 (2010).
3 DeLuca, J., Barbieri-Berger, S. & Johnson, S. K. The nature of memory impairments in multiple sclerosis: acquisition versus retrieval. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16, 183-189, doi:10.1080/01688639408402629 (1994).
4 DeLuca, J., Gaudino, E. A., Diamond, B. J., Christodoulou, C. & Engel, R. A. Acquisition and storage deficits in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsyc 20, 376-390 (1998).
5 Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E. & Boyle, M. O. Working memory and intelligence: the same or different constructs? Psychol Bull 131, 30-60, doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 (2005).
6 Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F. & Bühner, M. Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators. Educational Psychologist 50, 138-166, doi:10.1080/00461520.2015.1036274 (2015).
7 DeLuca, J., Chiaravalloti, N. D. & Sandroff, B. M. Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 16, 319-332, doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0355-1 (2020).
8 Schoonheim, M. M., Geurts, J. J. & Barkhof, F. The limits of functional reorganization in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74, 1246-1247, doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181db9957 (2010).
9 Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. in Psychology of Learning and Motivation Vol. 8 (ed Gordon H. Bower) 47-89 (Academic Press, 1974).
10 Baddeley, A. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn Sci 4, 417-423, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2 (2000).
11 D'Esposito, M. & Postle, B. R. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. Annu Rev Psychol 66, 115-142, doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015031 (2015).
12 Cowan, N. in Progress in Brain Research Vol. 169 (eds Wayne S. Sossin, Jean-Claude Lacaille, Vincent F. Castellucci, & Sylvie Belleville) 323-338 (Elsevier, 2008).
13 Chai, W. J., Abd Hamid, A. I. & Abdullah, J. M. Working Memory From the Psychological and Neurosciences Perspectives: A Review. Frontiers in psychology 9, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00401 (2018).
14 Blasiman, R. N. & Was, C. A. Why Is Working Memory Performance Unstable? A Review of 21 Factors. Eur J Psychol 14, 188-231, doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472 (2018).
15 Ruano, L. et al. Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes. Mult Scler 23, 1258-1267, doi:10.1177/1352458516674367 (2017).
16 Fuso, S. F., Callegaro, D., Pompéia, S. & Bueno, O. F. Working memory impairment in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting patients with episodic memory deficits. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68, 205-211, doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2010000200010 (2010).
17 Grzegorski, T. & Losy, J. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis – a review of current knowledge and recent research. Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, 845-860, doi:doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0011 (2017).
18 Kouvatsou, Z., Masoura, E., Kiosseoglou, G. & Kimiskidis, V. K. Working memory profiles of patients with multiple sclerosis: Where does the impairment lie? J Clin Exp Neuropsyc 41, 832-844, doi:10.1080/13803395.2019.1626805 (2019).
19 Sumowski, J. F. et al. Cognition in multiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology 90, 278-288, doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004977 (2018).
20 Clough, M. et al. Ocular motor measures of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis II: working memory. J Neurol 262, 1138-1147, doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7644-4 (2015).
21 Panou, T., Mastorodemos, V., Papadaki, E., Simos, P. G. & Plaitakis, A. Early signs of memory impairment among multiple sclerosis patients with clinically isolated syndrome. Behav Neurol 25, 311-326, doi:10.3233/ben-2012-110201 (2012).
22 Reuter, F. et al. Cognitive impairment at the onset of multiple sclerosis: relationship to lesion location. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17, 755-758, doi:10.1177/1352458511398265 (2011).
23 Viterbo, R. G., Iaffaldano, P. & Trojano, M. Verbal fluency deficits in clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 330, 56-60, doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.004 (2013).
24 Nobre, A. d. P. et al. Tasks for assessment of the episodic buffer: a systematic review. Psychology & Neuroscience 6, 331-343 (2013).
25 Swanson, H. L., Mink, J. & Bocian, K. M. Cognitive processing deficits in poor readers with symptoms of reading disabilities and ADHD: More alike than different? Journal of Educational Psychology 91, 321-333, doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.321 (1999).
26 Jeter, C. B., Patei, S. S. & Sereno, A. B. Novel n-back spatial working memory task using eye movement response. Behavior Research Methods 43, 879-887 (2011).
27 Strober, L. et al. Symbol Digit Modalities Test: A valid clinical trial endpoint for measuring cognition in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 25, 1781-1790, doi:10.1177/1352458518808204 (2019).
28 Jacobson, N. S. & Truax, P. Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 59, 12-19, doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.1.12 (1991).
29 Patti, F. et al. Cognitive impairment and its relation with disease measures in mildly disabled patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: baseline results from the Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COGIMUS) study. Mult Scler 15, 779-788, doi:10.1177/1352458509105544 (2009).
30 Nocentini, U. et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12, 77-87, doi:10.1191/135248506ms1227oa (2006).
31 Achiron, A. et al. Modeling of cognitive impairment by disease duration in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study. Plos One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071058 (2013).
32 Ball, K., Pearson, D. G. & Smith, D. T. Oculomotor involvement in spatial working memory is task-specific. Cognition 129, 439-446, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.006 (2013).
33 Belopolsky, A. V. & Theeuwes, J. No functional role of attention-based rehearsal in maintenance of spatial working memory representations. Acta Psychol 132, 124-135, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.01.002 (2009).
34 Achiron, A. et al. Cognitive patterns and progression in multiple sclerosis: construction and validation of percentile curves. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 76, 744-749, doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045518 (2005).
35 Clough, M. et al. Cognitive processing speed deficits in multiple sclerosis: Dissociating sensorial and motor processing changes from cognitive processing speed. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 38, 101522, doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101522 (2020).
36 Clough, M. et al. Multiple sclerosis: Executive dysfunction, task switching and the role of attention. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 4, 2055217318771781, doi:10.1177/2055217318771781 (2018).
37 Clough, M. et al. Ocular motor measures of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis I: inhibitory control. J Neurol 262, 1130-1137, doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7645-3 (2015).
38 Fielding, J., Kilpatrick, T., Millist, L., Clough, M. & White, O. Longitudinal assessment of antisaccades in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 7, e30475, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030475 (2012).
39 Gajamange, S. et al. Functional correlates of cognitive dysfunction in clinically isolated syndromes. PLoS One 14, e0219590, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219590 (2019).
40 Christodoulou, C. et al. Cognitive performance and MR markers of cerebral injury in cognitively impaired MS patients. Neurology 60, 1793-1798, doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000072264.75989.b8 (2003).
41 Lazeron, R. H., de Sonneville, L. M., Scheltens, P., Polman, C. H. & Barkhof, F. Cognitive slowing in multiple sclerosis is strongly associated with brain volume reduction. Mult Scler 12, 760-768 (2006).
42 Huijbregts, S. C. J., Kalkers, N. F., de Sonneville, L. M. J., de Groot, V. & Polman, C. H. Cognitive impairment and decline in different MS subtypes. J Neurol Sci 245, 187-194, doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.018 (2006).
43 López-Góngora, M., Querol, L. & Escartín, A. A one-year follow-up study of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an appraisal of comparative longitudinal sensitivity. Bmc Neurol 15, 40, doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0296-2 (2015).
44 Pavisian, B., Patel, V. P. & Feinstein, A. Cognitive mediated eye movements during the SDMT reveal the challenges with processing speed faced by people with MS. Bmc Neurol 19, 340, doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1543-8 (2019).
45 Patel, V. P., Walker, L. A. S. & Feinstein, A. Deconstructing the symbol digit modalities test in multiple sclerosis: The role of memory. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 17, 184-189, doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.08.006 (2017).
46 Camp, S. J. et al. A longitudinal study of cognition in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 128, 2891-2898, doi:10.1093/brain/awh602 (2005).
47 Roy, S. et al. Stable neuropsychiatric status in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year study. Mult Scler 22, 569-574, doi:10.1177/1352458515597570 (2016).
48 Fuchs, T. A. et al. Trait Conscientiousness predicts rate of longitudinal SDMT decline in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 26, 245-252, doi:10.1177/1352458518820272 (2020).
49 McCaffrey, R. J. & Westervelt, H. J. Issues associated with repeated neuropsychological assessments. Neuropsychol Rev 5, 203-221, doi:10.1007/BF02214762 (1995).
50 Jonides, J. How does practice makes perfect? Nat Neurosci 7, 10-11, doi:10.1038/nn0104-10 (2004).
51 Alioto, A. G. et al. Long-term test-retest reliability of the California Verbal Learning Test - second edition. The Clinical neuropsychologist 31, 1449-1458, doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1310300 (2017).
52 Roar, M., Illes, Z. & Sejbaek, T. Practice effect in Symbol Digit Modalities Test in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 10, 116-122, doi:10.1016/j.msard.2016.09.009 (2016).
53 Cowan, N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, 87-114, doi:10.1017/S0140525X01003922 (2001).
54 Delis, D. C., Freeland, J., Kramer, J. H. & Kaplan, E. Integrating clinical assessment with cognitive neuroscience: Construct validation of the California Verbal Learning Test. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 56, 123-130, doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.123 (1988).
55 Mathy, F., Chekaf, M. & Cowan, N. Simple and Complex Working Memory Tasks Allow Similar Benefits of Information Compression. J Cogn 1, 31-31, doi:10.5334/joc.31 (2018).
56 Lizak, N. et al. Impairment of Smooth Pursuit as a Marker of Early Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in neurology 7, 206, doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00206 (2016).
57 Ternes, A. M., Clough, M., Foletta, P., White, O. & Fielding, J. Characterization of inhibitory failure in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence of impaired conflict resolution. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 41, 320-329, doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1552756 (2019).
58 Blekher, T. et al. Test–Retest Reliability of Saccadic Measures in Subjects at Risk for Huntington Disease. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 50, 5707-5711, doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3538 (2009).
59 Gooding, D. C., Mohapatra, L. & Shea, H. B. Temporal stability of saccadic task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar patients. Psychol Med 34, 921-932, doi:10.1017/S003329170300165X (2004).
60 Klein, C. & Berg, P. Four-weeks test-retest stability of the saccadic CNV, two measures of saccade task performance and selected neuropsychological tests. International Journal of Psychophysiology 41, 219-219 (2001).