In the study, MM values were compared with the other two measurement methods (PM and 3D) statistically and in terms of their practical use. When the practicality of application of all three measurement methods on animals was compared, MM was considered to be the most difficult method because it required two people to hold the animal stable and two people to take the measurements, a total of four people while measuring manually on the same animal. MM took between 15–20 minutes. Since the female camels are very mobile, some animals were given food during the measurement. In addition, another person tried to keep the animal stable. In the application of manual measurement method, measuring in animals has generally been difficult, dangerous and time consuming.
In the PM, while a photograph was taken by one person, a second person held the scale paper near the camel and the shots were taken from different angles. Another person kept the camel still during the shooting. A total of three people took part in the photo shooting and totally three photographs were taken from the side, front and back of each camel. The time taken for this process is approximately 3–5 minutes.
In the 3D Analysis method, the shooting was taken by a researcher around the calm and docile camels by turning from a distance of 1 to 2 meters and the process was completed in half a minute or 1 minutes. Behaviorally active and angry animals were kept by the owner and the shootings were completed within the same time.
The comparison of various body measurements of the female camels determined by all three methods according to the least squares averages is shown in Table 1.
For CH and BH measurement values, it was determined that MM and 3D Method measurement values were very close to each other and the difference between them was statistically insignificant (p < 0.05). For these measurements, the value obtained by the PM was found to be smaller. The difference between the measurement values determined by MM and PM (p < 0.05) was found to be significant. Measurement values of RH, BL, SW and RW were very close to each other in MM and 3D methods, and the differences were statistically insignificant (p < 0.05), but the difference between the measurement values determined by MM and PM (p < 0.05) was found significant (Table 1).
The values measured by 3D and PM methods for BRH and AH were close to each other and the difference was found to be statistically insignificant (p < 0.05), but the difference between MM measurement values of the same regions and the values obtained by other methods was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The reason for this is that the person who will do the measuring with MM has to go under the camel to measure AH and BRH values. It is thought that a very healthy measurement cannot be taken under these conditions because the person is afraid of going under the camel and this behavior is dangerous (Table 1).
RW was determined as 32.33 cm by MM, 33.00 cm by 3D, and 31.71 cm by PM. When the measurement values determined by MM, 3D and PM were compared statistically, the difference between the means (p < 0.05) was found to be insignificant (Table 1).
Table 1. Comparison of various body measurements of female camels by least squares means:
|
Groups
|
|
BMs
|
N
|
MM
|
3D
|
PM
|
P
|
CH
|
12
|
171.42±1.34a
|
170.46±1.37ab
|
165.54±2.22b
|
*
|
BH
|
12
|
190.42±1.80a
|
187.18±1.61ab
|
183.17±2.91b
|
*
|
RH
|
12
|
164.21±0.74a
|
163.75±1.22a
|
156.75±3.36b
|
*
|
BRH
|
12
|
91.17±0.95a
|
88.13±1.17b
|
87.26±1.97b
|
*
|
AH
|
12
|
91.00±1.25a
|
86.67±1.83b
|
85.42±2.41b
|
*
|
BL
|
12
|
148.75±2.66a
|
148.96±3.35a
|
137.92±3.14b
|
*
|
SW
|
12
|
40.33±1.52a
|
40.25±1.39a
|
34.38±0.83b
|
*
|
RW
|
12
|
32.33±0.75a
|
33.00±0.81a
|
31.71±0.85a
|
NS
|
a,b, Differences between means with different letters on the same line are statistically significant.
*=P<0.05; NS= Not Significant.
The comparison of the male camels according to the least squares means of various body measurements determined by three methods is shown in Table 2. MM and 3D values obtained for CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, SW and BL in the measurements made with MM, 3D, PM methods were considered very close to each other and the differences between them were found to be statistically insignificant (p <0.05). However, for these values, the differences between the values obtained by the MM and 3D methods and the values measured by the PM method were found to be statistically significant (p <0.05). For the Rump Width (RW), the measurement values taken by the MM, 3D and PM methods were found to be close to each other and the differences between them were statistically insignificant (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparison of male camels by means of least squares of body measurements:
|
Groups
|
BM
|
N
|
MM
|
3D
|
PM
|
P
|
CH
|
14
|
183.21±1.46a
|
183.68±1.41a
|
168.43±2.71b
|
*
|
BH
|
14
|
205.39±2.67a
|
205.64±2.62a
|
191.93±3.74b
|
*
|
RH
|
14
|
165.36±1.95a
|
164.36±1.78a
|
152.36±3.59b
|
*
|
BRH
|
14
|
92.46±1.04a
|
92.57±0.97a
|
86.51±2.11b
|
*
|
AH
|
14
|
89.00±1.36a
|
88.82±1.25a
|
81.36±2.12b
|
*
|
BL
|
14
|
168.39±1.33a
|
168.43±1.23a
|
148.46±3.79b
|
*
|
SW
|
14
|
55.64±1.59a
|
57.11±1.47a
|
45.79±1.56b
|
*
|
RW
|
14
|
39.10±1.37a
|
39.71±1.18a
|
36.50±0.69a
|
NS
|
a,b, Differences between means with different letters on the same line are statistically significant.
*=P<0.05; NS= Not Significant.
Very high and significant positive correlations were found between the values obtained by MM and 3D methods in males and females. Correlation values between MM and 3D measurements of female camels are given in Table 3. There was a positive relationship between 3D-CH and MM-CH, 3D-CH and MM-BH (p <0.05). A high positive correlation was found between 3D-CH and 3D-BH, 3D-CH and 3D-RH measurement values (p <0.01). A high positive correlation was found between MM-CH and MM-BH (p <0.01). The relationship between MM-CH and MM-RH was found to be significant (p <0.05). A positive correlation was found between 3D-BH and MM-BH (p <0.05). There was a high positive correlation between MM-BH and 3D-BL (p <0.01), and a high positive correlation between MM-BH and MM-BL (p <0.05).A positive (p <0.05) relationship was found between 3D-RH and MM-RH and MM-RH and 3D-BRH. The relationship between 3D-RH and 3D-BRH (p <0.01) was found to be positive. A positive (p <0.05) relationship was found between MM-BRH and 3D-AH and 3D-AH and MM-AH. A positive correlation (p <0.01) was found between 3D-BRH and 3D-AH and 3D-BL and MM-BL(Table 3).
Table 3: Correlation values of female camels between MM and 3D belonging to BMs (CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, BL)
BMs
|
3D-CH
|
MM-CH
|
3D-BH
|
MM-BH
|
3D-RH
|
MM-RH
|
3D-BRH
|
MM-BRH
|
3D-AH
|
MM-AH
|
3D-BL
|
MM-BL
|
3D-CH
|
1
|
0,690*
|
0,790**
|
0,633*
|
0,738**
|
0,513
|
0,511
|
0,215
|
0,176
|
0,084
|
0,267
|
0,156
|
MM-CH
|
|
1
|
0,339
|
0717**
|
0,567
|
,582*
|
0,555
|
0,497
|
0,264
|
0,224
|
0,302
|
0,318
|
3D-BH
|
|
|
1
|
0,687*
|
0,526
|
0,361
|
0,07
|
-0,199
|
-0,143
|
-0,245
|
0,548
|
0,455
|
MM-BH
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,386
|
0,528
|
0,04
|
0,131
|
-0,225
|
-0,15
|
0,765**
|
0,683*
|
3D-RH
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,643*
|
0,775**
|
0,468
|
0,499
|
0,568
|
-0,028
|
-0,034
|
MM-RH
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,593*
|
0,128
|
0,516
|
0,412
|
0,222
|
0,137
|
3D-BRH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,443
|
,790**
|
0,569
|
-0,263
|
-0,212
|
MM-BRH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,634*
|
0,443
|
-0,193
|
-0,182
|
3D-AH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,606*
|
-0,482
|
-0,388
|
MM-AH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
-0,463
|
-0,453
|
3D-BL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0.943**
|
MM-BL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
*=P < 0.05, **=P < 0.01
Correlation values of female camels between MM and 3D belonging to BMs (BL, SW, RW) were given in Table 4. A high positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-BL and MM-BL and between 3D-BL and MM-SW. The relationship between 3D-BL and 3D-SW, 3D-BL with 3D-RW and 3D-BL and MM-RW (p < 0.05) was found to be positive and significant. A high positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between MM-BL and 3D-SW, MM-BL with MM-SW, MM-BL and 3D-RW, MM-BL and MM-RW (Table 4). A high positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-SW and MM-SW; between 3D-SW and 3D-RW; between 3D-SW and MM-RW; between MM-SW and 3D-RW; between MM-SW and MM-RW and between 3D-RW and MM-RW (Table 4).
Table 4
Correlation values of female camels between MM and 3D belonging to BMs (BL, SW, RW)
BMs
|
3D-BL
|
MM-BL
|
3D-SW
|
MM-SW
|
3D-RW
|
MM-RW
|
3D-BL
|
1
|
0,943**
|
0,668*
|
0,743**
|
0,627*
|
0,578*
|
MM-BL
|
|
1
|
0,767**
|
0,777**
|
0,763**
|
0,750**
|
3D-SW
|
|
|
1
|
0,883**
|
0,801**
|
0,852**
|
MM-SW
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,665*
|
0,734**
|
3D-RW
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,817**
|
MM-RW
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
*=P < 0.05, **=P < 0.01
The correlation values between MM and 3D measurements of male camels are given in Table 5. A positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-CH and MM-CH, 3D-BH and MM-BH. A positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-RH and MM-RH, 3D-RH and 3D-AH. The relationship between 3D-RH and 3D-BRH, 3D-RH and MM-AH (p < 0.05) was found to be positive. A positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between MM-RH and 3D-BRH, MM-RH and 3D-AH. The relationship between MM-RH and MM-BRH, MM-RH and MM-AH (p < 0.05) was found to be positive. A high positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-BRH and MM-BRH, 3D-BRH and 3D-AH, 3D-BRH and MM-AH, MM-BRH and 3D-AH. A high positive (p < 0.01) correlation was found between MM-BRH and MM-AH. A positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-AH and MM-AH, 3D-BL and MM-BL. As seen in Table 5, the relationship between 3D and BMs with MM was generally found to be significant.
Table 5
Correlation values of male camels between MM and 3D belonging to BMs (CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, BL)
BMs
|
3D-CH
|
MM-CH
|
3D-BH
|
MM-BH
|
3D-RH
|
MM-RH
|
3D-BRH
|
MM-BRH
|
3D-AH
|
MM-AH
|
3D-BL
|
MM-BL
|
3D-CH
|
1
|
0,953**
|
0,177
|
0,163
|
0,36
|
0,416
|
0,19
|
0,227
|
0,484
|
0,451
|
0,477
|
0,154
|
MM-CH
|
|
1
|
0,32
|
0,322
|
0,396
|
,538*
|
0,218
|
0,258
|
0,491
|
0,454
|
0,47
|
0,306
|
3D-BH
|
|
|
1
|
0,995**
|
-0,091
|
0,163
|
0,038
|
0,104
|
-0,044
|
-0,132
|
0,239
|
0,3
|
MM-BH
|
|
|
|
1
|
-0,077
|
0,198
|
0,062
|
0,121
|
-0,023
|
-0,109
|
0,238
|
0,335
|
3D-RH
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,871**
|
,619*
|
0,494
|
,691**
|
0,578*
|
-0,08
|
-0,111
|
MM-RH
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,705**
|
0,641*
|
0,729**
|
0,625*
|
-0,006
|
0,037
|
3D-BRH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,948**
|
0,795**
|
0,748**
|
-0,031
|
-0,106
|
MM-BRH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,761**
|
0,710*
|
-0,094
|
-0,16
|
3D-AH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,977**
|
0,253
|
0,105
|
MM-AH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,132
|
0,195
|
3D-BL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,780**
|
MM-BL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
*=P < 0.05, **=P < 0.01
The correlation values between MM and 3D of BL, SW and RW measurements of male camels are included in Table 6. A high positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between 3D-BL and MM-BL, 3D-SW and MM-SW, 3D-RW and MM-RW.
Table 6
Correlation values of male camels between MM and 3D belonging to BMs ( BL, SW, RW)
BMs
|
3D-BL
|
MM-BL
|
3D-SW
|
MM-SW
|
3D-RW
|
MM-RW
|
3D-BL
|
1
|
0,780**
|
-0,27
|
-0,322
|
0,139
|
-0,14
|
MM-BL
|
|
1
|
0,14
|
0,121
|
-0,098
|
-0,344
|
3D-SW
|
|
|
1
|
0,984**
|
0,144
|
0,247
|
MM-SW
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,082
|
0,225
|
3D-RW
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0,909**
|
MM-RW
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
*=P < 0.05, **=P < 0.01
Cidago Height
3D-CH and MM-CH (green line) in female camels were found to be positively linear as shown in the graph in Fig. 1. There was no linear between 3D-CH and PM-CH (blue line). Likewise, PM-CH and MM-CH (red line) were also not linear.
For female camels, the R2 between MM-CH and 3D-CH was found as 0.48, the R2 between MM-CH and PM-CH as 0.18 and the R2 between 3D-CH and PM-CH as 0.07.
In male camels, 3D-CH and MM-CH (green line) were found to be positively linear as shown in the graph in Fig. 2. There was no linear between 3D-CH and PM-CH (blue line). Likewise, PM-CH and MM-CH (red line) were also not linear.
In male camels, the R2 between MM-CH and 3D-CH was found as 0.91, the R2 between MM-CH and PM-CH as 0.09 and the R2 between 3D-CH and PM-CH as 0.08.
Back Height
In female camels, 3D-BH and MM-BH (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 3. However, 3D-BH and PM-BH (blue line) and PM-BH and MM-BH (red line) BMs were not linear.
In female camels, the R2 between MM-BH and 3D-BH was found as 0.30, the R2 between MM-BH and PM-BH as 0.09 and the R2 between 3D-BH and PM-BH as -2.49.
3D-BH and MM-BH (green line) were found to be linear in male camels as shown in Fig. 4. However, 3D-BH and PM-BH (blue line) and PM-BH and MM-BH (red line) BMs were not linear.
In male camels, R2 between MM-BH and 3D-BH was found as 0.99, R2 between MM-BH and PM-BH as 0.24 and R2 between 3D-BH and PM-BH as 0.21.
Rump Height
In female camels, 3D-RH and MM-RH (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 5. However, 3D-RH and PM-RH (blue line) and PM-RH and MM-RH (red line) were not linear.
In female camels, R2 between MM-RH and 3D-RH was found as 0.41, R2 between MM-RH and PM-RH as 0.07 and R2 between 3D-RH and PM-RH as 0.34.
In male camels, 3D-RH and MM-RH (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 6. However, 3D-RH and PM-RH (blue line) and PM-RH and MM-RH (red line) BMs were not found to be linear.
In male camels, the R2 value between MM-RH and 3D-RH was found as 0.76, the R2 value between MM-RH and PM-RH as 0.04 and the R2 value between 3D-RH and PM-RH as 0.001.
Brisket Height
In female camels, 3D-BRH and PM-BRH (blue line) and PM-BRH and MM-BRH (red line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 7. However, 3D-BRH and MM-BRH (green line) BMs were not linear.
In female camels, the R2 between MM-BRH and 3D-BRH was found as 0.20, the R2 between MM-BRH and PM-BRH as 0.36 and the R2 between 3D-BRH and PM-BRH as 0.32.
In male camels, 3D-BRH and MM-BRH (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 8. However, 3D-BRH and PM-BRH (blue line) and PM-BRH and MM-BRH (red line) BMs were not linear.
In male camels, the R2 between MM-BRH and 3D-BRH was found as 0.90, the R2 between MM-BRH and PM-BRH as 0.11 and the R2 between 3D-BRH and PM-BRH as 0.19.
Abdominal Height
In female camels, 3D-AH with PM-AH, MM-AH with PM-AH and 3D-AH with MM-AH were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 9.
In female camels, the R2 between MM-AH and 3D-AH was found as 0.37, the R2 between MM-AH and PM-AH as 0.60 and the R2 between 3D-AH and PM-AH as 0.48.
In male camels, 3D-AH and MM-AH (green line) were found to be linear as seen in Fig. 10. However, 3D-AH and PM-AH (blue line) and PM-AH and MM-AH (red line) BMs were not linear.
In male camels, the R2 between MM-AH and 3D-AH was found as 0,96, the R2 between MM-AH and PM-AH as 0,12 and the R2 between 3D-AH and PM-AH as 0,07.
Body Lenght
In female camels, 3D-BL and MM-BL (green line) was found to be linear as shown in Fig. 11. However, 3D-BL/PM-BL (blue line) and PM-BL/MM-BL (red line) were not linear.
In the female camels, the R2 between MM-BL and 3D-BL was found as 0.89, the R2 between MM-BL and PM-BL as 0.15 and the R2 between 3D-BL and PM-BL as 0.05.
In male camels, 3D-BL and MM-BL (green line) were found to be linear as seen in Fig. 12. However, 3D-BL and PM-BL (blue line) and PM-BL and MM-BL (red line) were not linear
In male camels, the R2 between MM-BL and 3D-BL was found as 0.61, the R2 between MM-BL and PM-BL as 0.10 and the R2 between 3D-BL and PM-BL as 0.23.
Shoulder Width
In female camels, 3D-SW and MM-SW (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 13. However, 3D-SW and PM-SW (blue line) and PM-SW and MM-SW (red line) were not linear.
In female camels, the R2 between MM-SW and 3D-SW was found as 0.78, the R2 between MM-SW and PM-SW as 0.001 and the R2 between 3D-SW and PM-SW as 0.002.
In male camels, 3D-SW and MM-SW (green line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 14. However, 3D-SW and PM-SW (blue line) and PM-SW and MM-SW (red line) BMs were not found to be linear.
In the male camels, the R2 between MM-SW and 3D-SW was found as 0.97, the R2 between MM-SW and PM-SW as 0.02, R2 between 3D-SW and PM-SW as 0.02.
Rump Width
In female camels, 3D-RW and MM-RW (green line), 3D-RW and PM-RW (blue line) and PM-RW and MM-RW (red line) were found to be linear as shown in Fig. 15.
In female camels, the R2 between MM-RW and 3D-RW was found as 0.67, the R2 between MM-RW and PM-RW as 0.41 and the R2 between 3D-RW and PM-RW as 0.31.
In male camels, 3D-RW and MM-RW (green line) were found to be linear as seen in Fig. 16. However, 3D-RW and PM-RW (blue line) and PM-RW and MM-RW (red line) BMs were not found to be linear.
In male camels, the R2 between MM-RW and 3D-RW was found as 0.83, the R2 between MM-RW and PM-RW as 0.07 and the R2 between 3D-RW and PM-RW as 0.03.