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Research article
Alexandra Lydia Hernandez
University of California, San Francisco
Corresponding Author
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally linked to a subset of oropharyngeal cancers in Western populations15-20, and both oropharyngeal cancer and oral HPV infection are increased among HIV-positive individuals24,41. India has high incidences of oral and oropharyngeal cancers, and Indian HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) may be at increased risk of developing oropharyngeal cancers. However, there is little information available on the prevalence of oral HPV in this population.
Methods: We tested 302 HIV-positive Indian MSM for oral HPV infection using L1 HPV DNA PCR with probes specific for 29 types and a mixture of 10 additional types. CD4+ level and plasma HIV viral load (VL) were measured. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire including a sexual history.
Results: The prevalence of oral HPV was 23.7% (95% CI: 19-29%) and 2.4% of participants had oncogenic HPV types. No participants had oral HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and the prevalence of other anogenital HPV types was low. Participants with higher CD4+ levels had reduced odds of having any oral HPV infection (OR: 3.1 [1.4-6.9]) in multivariable analyses.
Conclusions: This is the first report of oral HPV among Indian HIV-positive MSM. Our results show a high prevalence of oral HPV infection consistent with studies from Western populations. However, oncogenic anogenital HPV types were relatively uncommon in our study population. It is unknown what the impact of this distribution of oral HPV will be on oropharyngeal cancers. HIV-positive MSM in India should be monitored closely for oral and oropharyngeal pre-cancer and cancer.
Keywords
Human Papillomavirus, HPV, HIV/AIDS, oral cancer, MSM
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 2
Posted 21 Jan, 2021
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 18 Apr, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 15 Apr, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Mar, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 07 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 03 Feb, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 10 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 10 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 10 Jan, 2021
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 10 Dec, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 05 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 30 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 30 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 16 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Infectious Diseases
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Infectious Diseases. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Alexandra Lydia Hernandez
University of California, San Francisco
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 2
Posted 21 Jan, 2021
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 18 Apr, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 15 Apr, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Mar, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 07 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 03 Feb, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 10 Jan, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 10 Jan, 2021
Editor invited
On 10 Jan, 2021
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 10 Dec, 2020
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 05 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 30 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 30 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 16 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Infectious Diseases
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally linked to a subset of oropharyngeal cancers in Western populations15-20, and both oropharyngeal cancer and oral HPV infection are increased among HIV-positive individuals24,41. India has high incidences of oral and oropharyngeal cancers, and Indian HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) may be at increased risk of developing oropharyngeal cancers. However, there is little information available on the prevalence of oral HPV in this population.
Methods: We tested 302 HIV-positive Indian MSM for oral HPV infection using L1 HPV DNA PCR with probes specific for 29 types and a mixture of 10 additional types. CD4+ level and plasma HIV viral load (VL) were measured. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire including a sexual history.
Results: The prevalence of oral HPV was 23.7% (95% CI: 19-29%) and 2.4% of participants had oncogenic HPV types. No participants had oral HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and the prevalence of other anogenital HPV types was low. Participants with higher CD4+ levels had reduced odds of having any oral HPV infection (OR: 3.1 [1.4-6.9]) in multivariable analyses.
Conclusions: This is the first report of oral HPV among Indian HIV-positive MSM. Our results show a high prevalence of oral HPV infection consistent with studies from Western populations. However, oncogenic anogenital HPV types were relatively uncommon in our study population. It is unknown what the impact of this distribution of oral HPV will be on oropharyngeal cancers. HIV-positive MSM in India should be monitored closely for oral and oropharyngeal pre-cancer and cancer.
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