Table 1. Sample distribution
Variables
|
Urban (n=821)(%)
|
|
Rural (n=766)(%)
|
Sum (n=1587)
(%)
|
Unmet needs (n=425)
|
Met needs (n=396)
|
|
Unmet needs (n=449)
|
Met needs (n=317)
|
Predisposing factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age, mean±SD*
|
|
92.00±9.66
|
92.56±9.47
|
|
93.64±9.66
|
92.89±9.42
|
92.78±9.58
|
Gender
|
Male
|
40.94
|
34.60
|
|
33.41
|
33.12
|
35.66
|
|
Female
|
59.06
|
65.40
|
|
66.59
|
66.88
|
64.34
|
Ethnicity
|
Han
|
93.88
|
95.45
|
|
94.21
|
97.16
|
95.02
|
|
Non-Han
|
6.12
|
4.55
|
|
5.79
|
2.84
|
4.98
|
Years of education***
|
0
|
62.35
|
62.12
|
|
78.17
|
76.97
|
69.69
|
|
1-6
|
26.82
|
27.02
|
|
19.82
|
18.61
|
23.25
|
|
7+
|
10.82
|
10.86
|
|
2.00
|
4.42
|
7.06
|
Occupation before 60***
|
Farmer
|
52.00
|
50.76
|
|
81.51
|
81.70
|
65.97
|
|
Non-farmer
|
48.00
|
49.24
|
|
18.49
|
18.30
|
34.03
|
Exercise***
|
Yes
|
16.24
|
22.22
|
|
4.45
|
12.93
|
13.74
|
|
No
|
83.76
|
77.78
|
|
95.55
|
87.07
|
86.26
|
Social activity
|
Yes
|
5.88
|
5.56
|
|
2.90
|
6.31
|
5.04
|
|
No
|
94.12
|
94.44
|
|
97.10
|
93.69
|
94.96
|
Enabling resources:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial independence
|
Yes
|
1.41
|
0.76
|
|
0.89
|
1.26
|
1.07
|
|
No
|
98.59
|
99.24
|
|
99.11
|
98.74
|
98.93
|
Economic status***
|
Good
|
14.82
|
27.53
|
|
7.57
|
17.35
|
16.45
|
|
Fair
|
65.88
|
63.38
|
|
72.61
|
74.45
|
68.87
|
|
Bad
|
19.29
|
9.09
|
|
19.82
|
8.20
|
14.68
|
Medication availability*
|
Yes
|
94.12
|
95.71
|
|
88.20
|
98.42
|
93.70
|
|
No
|
5.88
|
4.29
|
|
11.80
|
1.58
|
6.30
|
Currently married*
|
Yes
|
27.53
|
26.01
|
|
20.71
|
22.40
|
24.20
|
|
No
|
72.47
|
73.99
|
|
79.29
|
77.60
|
75.80
|
Living alone**
|
Yes
|
8.71
|
8.84
|
|
14.03
|
12.93
|
11.09
|
|
No
|
91.29
|
91.16
|
|
85.97
|
87.07
|
88.91
|
Caregiver
|
Spouse
|
16.47
|
14.90
|
|
13.59
|
14.20
|
14.81
|
|
Son and daughter-in-law
|
48.94
|
48.74
|
|
58.57
|
56.15
|
53.06
|
|
Daughter and son-in-law
|
17.18
|
22.22
|
|
15.81
|
17.03
|
18.02
|
|
Others
|
17.41
|
14.14
|
|
12.03
|
12.62
|
14.11
|
Caregiver willingness
|
Yes
|
88.24
|
98.99
|
|
89.09
|
97.48
|
93.01
|
|
No
|
11.76
|
1.01
|
|
10.91
|
2.52
|
6.99
|
Cost**
|
0
|
34.35
|
38.89
|
|
37.42
|
37.54
|
36.99
|
|
1-300
|
32.94
|
36.87
|
|
42.76
|
44.16
|
38.94
|
|
301+
|
32.71
|
24.24
|
|
19.82
|
18.30
|
24.07
|
Personal care*
|
Yes
|
6.35
|
4.80
|
|
2.45
|
4.73
|
4.54
|
|
No
|
93.65
|
95.20
|
|
97.55
|
95.27
|
95.46
|
Home visit***
|
Yes
|
32.94
|
31.57
|
|
33.85
|
52.68
|
36.80
|
|
No
|
67.06
|
68.43
|
|
66.15
|
47.32
|
63.20
|
Need factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Severe ADL disability
|
Yes
|
51.29
|
42.42
|
|
58.80
|
40.38
|
49.02
|
|
No
|
48.71
|
57.58
|
|
41.20
|
59.62
|
50.98
|
Cognitive impairment***
|
Yes
|
52.24
|
51.26
|
|
64.81
|
54.89
|
56.08
|
|
No
|
47.76
|
48.74
|
|
35.19
|
45.11
|
43.92
|
Self-rated health*
|
Good
|
46.82
|
65.40
|
|
38.75
|
67.19
|
53.25
|
|
Fair
|
26.59
|
16.16
|
|
28.73
|
15.77
|
22.43
|
|
Bad
|
26.59
|
18.43
|
|
32.52
|
17.03
|
24.32
|
Self-rated satisfaction
|
Good
|
18.59
|
34.85
|
|
20.27
|
34.07
|
26.21
|
|
Fair
|
34.79
|
29.90
|
|
30.14
|
34.60
|
31.76
|
|
Bad
|
46.96
|
36.08
|
|
50.47
|
30.48
|
42.03
|
Loneliness***
|
Yes
|
38.44
|
22.94
|
|
43.69
|
37.78
|
34.85
|
|
No
|
61.56
|
77.06
|
|
56.31
|
62.22
|
65.15
|
Depression*
|
Yes
|
22.14
|
15.46
|
|
17.06
|
12.70
|
17.83
|
|
No
|
77.86
|
84.54
|
|
82.94
|
87.30
|
82.17
|
Note: Differences between groups were tested by a chi-square test or t-test as appropriate.
Significance levels: * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Table 2. Odds ratios of unmet needs by residence (binary logistic regression)
Independent variables
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Age
|
0.99(0.97,1.01)
|
0.99(0.97,1.02)
|
Gender (ref. Female)
|
1.55(1.06,2.28)*
|
1.25(0.82,1.90)
|
Ethnicity (ref. Non-Han)
|
0.84(0.43,1.66)
|
1.08(0.46,2.55)
|
Years of education (years) (ref. 0)
|
|
|
1-6
|
0.79(0.52,1.19)
|
1.19(0.73,1.94)
|
>6
|
0.93(0.53,1.62)
|
0.56(0.20,1.55)
|
Farmer (ref. No)
|
0.96(0.70,1.33)
|
0.89(0.58,1.37)
|
Exercise (ref. No)
|
0.87(0.58,1.32)
|
0.55(0.29,1.02)
|
Involvement in social activities (ref. No)
|
1.25(0.63,2.48)
|
0.91(0.41,2.03)
|
Financial independence (ref. No)
|
1.38(0.28,6.85)
|
0.64(0.13,3.25)
|
Economic status
|
1.56(1.23,1.98)***
|
1.76(1.28,2.43)***
|
Medication availability (ref. No)
|
1.40(0.67,2.93)
|
0.25(0.09,0.67)**
|
Currently married (ref. No)
|
0.89(0.55,1.44)
|
0.91(0.51,1.63)
|
Living alone (ref. No)
|
0.92(0.54,1.56)
|
1.06(0.65,1.74)
|
Caregiver (ref. Spouse)
|
|
|
Son and daughter-in-law
|
0.94(0.53,1.67)
|
1.33(0.68,2.60)
|
Daughter and son-in-law
|
0.83(0.45,1.53)
|
1.12(0.54,2.36)
|
Others
|
1.19(0.62,2.27)
|
1.08(0.51,2.30)
|
Caregiver willingness (ref. No)
|
0.12(0.04,0.33)***
|
0.25(0.11,0.58)**
|
Cost (yuan) (ref. 0)
|
|
|
1-300
|
1.01(0.70,1.44)
|
0.87(0.60,1.26)
|
>300
|
1.32(0.90,1.95)
|
0.99(0.63,1.57)
|
Personal care (ref. No)
|
1.43(0.74,2.76)
|
0.58(0.24,1.40)
|
Home visit (ref. No)
|
1.11(0.80,1.54)
|
0.50(0.36,0.70)***
|
Severe ADL disability (ref. No)
|
0.98(0.69,1.38)
|
1.73(1.21,2.47)**
|
Cognitive impairment (ref. No)
|
0.90(0.65,1.25)
|
1.24(0.86,1.79)
|
Self-rated health
|
1.11(0.94,1.32)
|
1.40(1.16,1.70)***
|
Self-rated life satisfaction
|
1.14(0.94,1.39)
|
0.92(0.74,1.14)
|
Loneliness (ref. No)
|
1.58(1.13,2.21)**
|
1.29(0.92,1.81)
|
Depression (ref. No)
|
1.15(0.78,1.71)
|
1.26(0.78,2.03)
|
Significance levels: * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Table 3. Long-term care (LTC) service needs and plans by place of residence and needs
Variables
|
Total
(N=1587)
|
Urban (n=821)(%)
|
|
Rural (n=766)(%)
|
Unmet needs
(n=425)
|
Met needs
(n=396)
|
P-value#
|
|
Unmet needs
(n=425)
|
Met needs
(n=396)
|
P-value#
|
Anticipated living arrangement
|
|
|
|
0.353
|
|
|
|
0.614
|
Living alone regardless of residential distance from children
|
6.93
|
9.18
|
7.32
|
|
5.57
|
5.36
|
|
Living alone (or with a spouse) and children living nearby
|
23.13
|
21.88
|
21.21
|
|
24.05
|
25.87
|
|
Coresidence with children
|
69.12
|
68.00
|
70.71
|
|
69.27
|
68.45
|
|
LTC facility
|
0.82
|
0.94
|
0.76
|
|
1.11
|
0.32
|
|
Anticipated community-based service needs (yes)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personal care***
|
60.62
|
58.59
|
54.29
|
0.215
|
|
70.60
|
57.10
|
<0.001
|
Home visits***
|
82.55
|
79.06
|
75.51
|
0.224
|
|
86.86
|
89.91
|
0.199
|
Psychological consulting***
|
64.90
|
61.18
|
60.86
|
0.926
|
|
73.05
|
63.41
|
0.005
|
Daily shopping***
|
54.88
|
50.82
|
50.51
|
0.927
|
|
61.92
|
55.84
|
0.092
|
Social and recreation activities**
|
59.48
|
54.82
|
56.82
|
0.565
|
|
64.81
|
61.51
|
0.351
|
Legal aid**
|
58.03
|
53.88
|
55.30
|
0.683
|
|
63.92
|
58.68
|
0.141
|
Healthcare education**
|
74.29
|
71.53
|
70.96
|
0.857
|
|
77.28
|
77.92
|
0.836
|
Neighborhood-relation***
|
58.48
|
54.35
|
54.04
|
0.928
|
|
65.03
|
60.25
|
0.177
|
Note: *Indicates the differences between urban and rural areas by chi-square tests, and # indicates the differences between people with unmet needs and those with met needs in urban and rural areas by chi-square tests.
Significance levels: * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p < 0.001.
Table 4. Availability of community services by place of residence and needs
Variables
|
Total
(N=1587)
|
Urban (n=821)(%)
|
|
Rural (n=766)(%)
|
Unmet needs
(n=425)
|
Met needs
(n=396)
|
P-value#
|
|
Unmet needs
(n=425)
|
Met needs
(n=396)
|
P-value#
|
Available community care services (yes)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personal care
|
4.66
|
6.35
|
4.80
|
0.333
|
|
2.90
|
4.73
|
0.182
|
Home visits***
|
36.42
|
32.71
|
31.06
|
0.613
|
|
33.41
|
52.37
|
<0.001
|
Psychological consulting*
|
7.81
|
9.41
|
9.34
|
0.973
|
|
4.45
|
8.52
|
0.021
|
Daily shopping***
|
10.52
|
8.47
|
7.83
|
0.737
|
|
14.92
|
10.41
|
0.068
|
Social and recreation activities
|
17.52
|
16.94
|
16.41
|
0.840
|
|
20.49
|
15.46
|
0.077
|
Legal aid
|
12.85
|
15.06
|
12.12
|
0.220
|
|
12.03
|
11.99
|
0.987
|
Healthcare education
|
38.06
|
37.41
|
38.13
|
0.832
|
|
32.74
|
46.37
|
<0.001
|
Neighborhood-relation
|
23.00
|
24.24
|
22.47
|
0.552
|
|
23.61
|
21.14
|
0.420
|
Note: *Indicates the differences between urban and rural groups by chi-square tests, and # indicates the differences between people with unmet needs and those with met needs in urban and rural areas by chi-square tests.
Significance levels: * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p < 0.001.