Background: “Post-Artesunate Delayed Hemolysis” (PADH) is common after severe malaria episodes. PADH is related to the “pitting” phenomenon and the synchronous delayed clearance of once-infected erythrocytes, initially spared during treatment. However, direct antiglobulin test (DAT) positivity has been reported in several PADH cases, suggesting a contribution of immune-mediated erythrocyte clearance. The aim of the present study was to compare clinical features of cases presenting a positive or negative DAT.
Method: Articles reporting clinical data of patients diagnosed with PADH, for whom DAT had been performed, were collected from PubMed database. Data retrieved from single patients were extracted and univariate analysis was performed in order to identify features potentially related to DAT results and steroids use.
Results: Twenty-two studies reporting 39 PADH cases were included: median baseline parasitemia was 20.8% (IQR: 11.2-30) and DAT was positive in 17 cases (45.5%). Compared to DAT-negative individuals, DAT-positive patients were older (49.5 vs 31; p=0.01), had a higher baseline parasitemia (27% vs 17%; p=0.03) and were more commonly treated with systemic steroids (11 vs 3 patients, p=0.002). Depth and kinetics of delayed anemia were not associated with DAT positivity.
Conclusions: In this case series, almost half of the patients affected by PADH had a positive DAT. An obvious difference between the clinical courses of patients presenting with a positive or negative DAT was lacking. This observation strongly suggests that DAT result is not indicative of a pathogenic role of anti-erythrocytes antibodies in patients affected by PADH, but is rather a marker of immune activation.