Table 1 P-values related to the measured variables analyzed regarding the effects of the additives, culture, and interaction between these.
Variables
|
Additives
|
Culture
|
Interaction
|
Dry matter, g/kg of as fed
|
0.4603
|
<0.0001
|
0.1995
|
Crude protein, g/kg
|
0.0062
|
0.0003
|
0.0357
|
Crude fat, g/kg
|
0.7001
|
0.7695
|
0.9305
|
Ashes, g/kg
|
0.0859
|
<0.0001
|
0.2428
|
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), g/kg
|
0.8496
|
0.0607
|
0.0919
|
Acid detergent fiber, g/kg
|
0.087
|
<0.0001
|
0.753
|
Non-fibrous carbohydrate, g/kg
|
0.8328
|
0.1429
|
0.0834
|
Lignin, g/kg
|
0.0567
|
<0.0001
|
0.1591
|
Hemicellulose, g/kg
|
0.4639
|
0.0098
|
0.1944
|
Cellulose, g/kg
|
0.1672
|
0.0002
|
0.6684
|
Parameter A (Gas production), mg/g OM
|
0.4783
|
0.2458
|
0.7513
|
Parameter B (Gas production), h
|
0.3201
|
0.8814
|
0.2588
|
Parameter C (Gas production)
|
0.2713
|
0.6245
|
0.7584
|
Temperature, °C (after opening the silo)
|
0.8911
|
0.3196
|
0.9576
|
pH after opening the silo
|
0.0013
|
<0.0001
|
0.0672
|
Ammoniacal nitrogen, g/kg CP
|
0.0040
|
0.0095
|
0.2200
|
Dry matter losses, g/kg
|
0.9487
|
0.2986
|
0.3778
|
Mold, kg of ensiled mass
|
0.2241
|
0.4262
|
0.4639
|
Mold, % of ensiled mass
|
0.2241
|
0.4262
|
0.4638
|
Lactic Acid Bacteria, log10/g fresh silage
|
0.0441
|
0.7518
|
0.6054
|
Fungi, log10/g fresh silage
|
0.4341
|
<0.0001
|
0.667
|
Culture = pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silages, CP =crude protein.
Table 2 Effects of the use of additives on the chemical composition of pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silage.
Variables
|
Pearl millet
|
Corn
|
Sorghum
|
SEM
|
DM
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
241.28b
|
333.77a
|
224.75b
|
12.93
|
Additive
|
274.97b
|
322.92a
|
224.77b
|
10.49
|
CP
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
59.45Aa
|
42.06Bc
|
50.15Bb
|
2.20
|
Additive
|
57.83Ba
|
52.35Ab
|
58.61Aa
|
1.11
|
CF
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
10.77
|
10.59
|
10.70
|
0.44
|
Additive
|
10.75
|
10.70
|
10.77
|
0.07
|
Ashes
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
10.54a
|
6.66b
|
10.55a
|
0.50
|
Additive
|
10.45a
|
5.77b
|
10.40a
|
0.60
|
NDF
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
438.28
|
448.13
|
492
|
9.24
|
Additive
|
431.21
|
485.22
|
454.42
|
7.99
|
ADF
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
381.2b
|
362.16b
|
427.77a
|
7.51
|
Additive
|
373.53b
|
350.65b
|
406.73a
|
6.44
|
NFC
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
480.94
|
492.54
|
436.59
|
9.64
|
Additive
|
489.74
|
445.95
|
465.78
|
6.96
|
LIG
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
51.8 Aa
|
38.14Ab
|
56.52 Aa
|
2.05
|
Additive
|
46.07Ba
|
37.25Bb
|
55.98Ba
|
1.91
|
Hemic
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
57.08b
|
85.97a
|
64.22b
|
7.75
|
Additive
|
57.67b
|
134.57a
|
47.68b
|
11.63
|
Cell
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
329.4b
|
324.01b
|
371.25a
|
5.94
|
Additive
|
327.46b
|
313.39b
|
354.02a
|
4.97
|
SEM = Standard error of the mean; W/add = Without additive; DM = Dry matter (expressed as g/kg as fed); CP = Crude protein; CF = Crude fat; NDF = Neutral detegent fiber; ADF = Acid detergent fiber; NFC = Non-fibrous carbohydrate; LIG = Lignin Hemic = Hemicellulose; and Cell = Cellulose. All expressed as g/kg.
*Means followed by the different capital letters in a column and lower case letters on the lines differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
Table 3 Effects of additives on gas production parameters of pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silage.
Variables
|
A, mg/g OM
|
SE
|
C
|
SE
|
B, h
|
SE
|
Pearl millet
|
W/add
|
26.194
|
1.612
|
0.907
|
0.044
|
31.339
|
3.76
|
Additive
|
20.492
|
2.903
|
0.969
|
0.054
|
28.434
|
3.344
|
Corn
|
W/add
|
18.424
|
2.79
|
1.25
|
0.089
|
18.527
|
1.625
|
Additive
|
30.808
|
1.214
|
1.013
|
0.031
|
27.679
|
1.643
|
Sorghum
|
W/add
|
19.722
|
1.466
|
0.881
|
0.056
|
22.9
|
3.525
|
Additive
|
17.921
|
2.067
|
1.015
|
0.072
|
20.435
|
2.739
|
W/add = Without additive; SE = Standard error. OM = organic matter.
*Means followed by the different capital letters in a column and lower case letters on the lines differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
Table 4 Effects of additive in the fermentative parameters of pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silages.
Variables
|
Pearl millet
|
Corn
|
Sorghum
|
SEM
|
Temperature, °C
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
24.37
|
27.23
|
27.30
|
0.43
|
Additive
|
24.83
|
27.10
|
27.63
|
1.59
|
pH
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
3.56Aa
|
3.68Aa
|
3.75Aa
|
0.020
|
Additive
|
3.44Bb
|
3.64Ba
|
3.35Bb
|
0.044
|
Dry matter losses, g/kg
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
95.48
|
43.62
|
70.23
|
8.62
|
Additive
|
67.77
|
63.08
|
75.78
|
5.19
|
Ammoniacal nitrogen, g/kg CP
|
|
|
|
|
W/add
|
17.38Aa
|
8.88Bb
|
12.61Ba
|
1.53
|
Additive
|
16.51Ba
|
15.90Ab
|
17.02Aa
|
1.12
|
SEM = Standard error of the mean; W/add = Without additive; CP = crude protein.
*Means followed by the different capital letters in a column and lower case letters on the lines differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
Table 5 Effects of additives on microbial populations of pearl millet, corn, and sorghum silages.
Variables
|
Pearl millet
|
Corn
|
Sorghum
|
SEM
|
Lactic acid bactéria, log10/g fresh silage
|
W/add
|
6.19B
|
6.12B
|
5.12B
|
0.36
|
Additive
|
6.85A
|
7.60A
|
7.45A
|
0.12
|
Fungi, log10/g fresh silage
|
W/add
|
4.74b
|
7.45a
|
5.0b
|
0.40
|
Additive
|
4.67b
|
7.64a
|
5.69b
|
0.40
|
Mold, kg of ensiled mass
|
W/add
|
1.48
|
4.18
|
0.56
|
0.62
|
Additive
|
1.64
|
5.65
|
6.81
|
1.24
|
Mold, % of the ensiled mass
|
W/add
|
7.82
|
22.02
|
2.95
|
3.28
|
Additive
|
8.62
|
29.74
|
35.85
|
6.55
|
SEM = Standard error of the mean, W/add = Without additive.
*Means followed by the different capital letters in a column and lower case letters on the lines differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).