Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
In this study, the data were collected from 380 respondents through face-to-face interviews with the response rate of 98.7%. Among those 202 (53.9%) were female, 82 (21.9%) were in the age group of 25-34 and the mean age of the participants was 40.8 years with standard deviation of ±15.72. From the study participants 147 (39.2%) were Amhara ethnicity and 241 (64.3%) live in urban, 225 (60%) were orthodox religion, 222 (59.2%) were married, 97 (25.9%) have primary education and 92 (24.5 %) were farming occupation. Majority of the respondents have low income 196 (52.3%) (Table 1).
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=380).
Variables
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percent (%)
|
Age
|
18 to24
|
61
|
16.3
|
25 to 34
|
82
|
21.9
|
35 to 44
|
76
|
20.3
|
45 to 54
|
67
|
17.9
|
55 to 64
|
56
|
14.9
|
65 and more
|
33
|
8.8
|
Sex
|
Female
|
202
|
53.9
|
Male
|
173
|
46.1
|
Religion
|
Orthodox
|
225
|
60.0
|
Muslim
|
83
|
22.1
|
Protestant
|
55
|
14.7
|
Catholic
|
8
|
2.1
|
Others
|
4
|
1.1
|
Marital status
|
Single
|
106
|
28.3
|
Windowed
|
25
|
6.7
|
Divorced
|
22
|
5.9
|
Married
|
222
|
59.2
|
Ethnicity
|
Amhara
|
147
|
39.2
|
Oromo
|
105
|
28.0
|
Tigray
|
31
|
8.3
|
Gurage
|
42
|
11.2
|
Silte
|
23
|
6.1
|
Others
|
27
|
7.2
|
Residence
|
Urban
|
241
|
64.3
|
Rural
|
134
|
35.7
|
Education
|
Can't read and write
|
79
|
21.1
|
Can read and write
|
57
|
15.2
|
Primary
|
97
|
25.9
|
Secondary
|
78
|
20.8
|
Higher education
|
64
|
17.1
|
Occupation
|
Governmental worker
|
64
|
17.1
|
Private employee
|
78
|
20.8
|
Merchant
|
55
|
14.7
|
Farmers
|
92
|
24.5
|
Housewives
|
47
|
12.5
|
Daily laborers
|
16
|
4.3
|
Others
|
23
|
6.1
|
Income
|
low income
|
196
|
52.3
|
high income
|
179
|
47.7
|
Substance use related factors of patient social support
From the study participants 46 (12.3%) were used chat, 122 (32.5%) used alcohol, 17 (4.5%) used tobacco and three (0.8%) were used other illegal substances like hashish (Table 2).
Table 2: Substance used related factors of study participants in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=380).
Variables
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percent (%)
|
Chat chewing
|
Yes
|
46
|
12.3
|
No
|
329
|
87.7
|
Alcohol drink
|
Yes
|
122
|
32.5
|
No
|
253
|
67.5
|
Smoking
|
Yes
|
17
|
4.5
|
No
|
358
|
95.5
|
Other illegal drugs used
|
Yes
|
3
|
0.8
|
No
|
372
|
99.2
|
Living condition related factors of patient social support
Among the study participants 311 (82.9%) were live with their family, 55 (14.7%) were live alone and nine (2.4%) were live with others (Table 3).
Table 3: Living condition related factors of study participants in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=375).
Variables
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percent (%)
|
Living condition
|
Alone
|
55
|
14.7
|
Family
|
311
|
82.9
|
Others
|
9
|
2.4
|
Clinical related factors of patient social support
Among the study participants 201 (53.6%) were having medical case, 187 (49.9%) had previous history of hospitalization, 144 (38.4%) had comorbid disorder, 133 (35.5% ) were stay at the hospital for < 1 week, 110 (29.3) stay for 1 to 2 week and 132 (35.2) stay for more than 2 weeks. From the respondents 56 (14.9%) had family history of psychiatric illness, 17 (4.5%) had gotten psychiatric counseling, 17 (4.5%) had previous history of psychiatric condition and 6 (1.6%) had current psychiatric condition (Table 4).
Table 4: Clinical related factors of study participants in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=380).
Variables
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percent (%)
|
Previous history of mental illness
|
Yes
|
17
|
4.5
|
No
|
358
|
95.5
|
Having mental illness
|
Yes
|
6
|
1.6
|
No
|
369
|
98.4
|
Psychosocial counseling
|
Yes
|
17
|
4.5
|
No
|
358
|
95.5
|
Family history of mental illness
|
Yes
|
56
|
14.9
|
No
|
319
|
85.1
|
Type of case
|
Surgical
|
174
|
46.4
|
Medical
|
201
|
53.6
|
Previous history of hospitalization
|
Yes
|
187
|
49.9
|
No
|
188
|
50.1
|
Having comorbidity disorder
|
Yes
|
144
|
38.4
|
No
|
231
|
61.6
|
Time stayed in hospital
|
< 1 week
|
133
|
35.5
|
1-2 week
|
110
|
29.3
|
> 2 week
|
132
|
35.2
|
The low level of patient social support
In this study the level of patient social support among hospitalized medical surgical inpatient in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=380) were 232 (61.9%) have low level patient social support and 143(38.1%) have high level of patient social support (figure 1).
Factor associated with low level of patient social support
Those variables with a P-value of ≤ 0.25 in the binary logistic analysis was entered to multiple logistic analysis using enter method to identify the independent factors associated with low level of patient social support among hospitalized inpatients. In bivariate analysis the covariates: age, sex, marital status, educational status, occupation, income, chat chewing, alcohol drink, smoking, living condition, previous history of mental illness, psychosocial counseling, family history of mental illness, having mental illness, having Previous history of hospitalization, time of hospital stay and type of case were associated with low level of patient social support among adult inpatients. In multiple logistic regression analysis, covariates: being housewives, chat chewing, psychosocial counselling and Previous history of hospitalization were associated with low level of patient social support by 95% confidence interval.
In this study participants being housewives were statistically associated (p =0.028) with low level of patient social support; being housewives was 3.4 times having low level patients social support [AOR=3.41; 95%CI (1.145-10.153)] than being a governmental employ.
Regarding on substance use participants who were chewing chat were significantly associated (p= 0.035) with low level of patent social support and almost 2.6 times more likely to have low level of patient social support [AOR=2.596; 95%CI (1.072-6.288) than those who were not chewing chat.
Those hospitalized adult inpatients who have psychosocial counseling were negatively associated (p= 0.016) with low level of patient social support meaning that adult inpatients who have psychosocial counseling were 4.2 times more likely to have high level of patient social support than inpatients who have no psychosocial counseling [AOR= 4.149; 95 %CI (0.075-0.771)].
Respondents who have previous history of hospitalization was positively associated (p=0.042) with low level of patient social support and patients who had previous history of hospitalization were 1.7 times having low level of patient social support [AOR= 1.673; 95%CI (1.019-2.746)] than patients have no previous history of hospitalization (Table 5).
Table 5: Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with low level of patient social support among hospitalized medical surgical adult inpatients in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020.
Variables
|
Category
|
Low patient social support
|
Crude Odd Ratio
|
Adjusted Odd Ratio
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Age
|
18 to 24
|
37
|
24
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
25 to 34
|
51
|
31
|
1.067(0.540-2.108)
|
0.538(0.144-2.000)
|
0.355
|
35 to 44
|
42
|
34
|
0.801(0.404-1.589)
|
0.716(0.221-2.319)
|
0.578
|
45 to 54
|
38
|
29
|
0.850(0.420-1.721)
|
0.360(0.117-1.103)
|
0.074
|
55 to 64
|
38
|
18
|
1.369(0.640-2.930)
|
0.382(0.125-1.162)
|
0.090
|
65 and above
|
26
|
7
|
2.409(0.904-6.419)
|
0.498(0.159-1.556)
|
0.230
|
Sex
|
Male
|
60
|
113
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Female
|
83
|
119
|
1.314(0.863 -2.000)
|
0.674(0.3791-.199)
|
0.180
|
Marital status
|
Single
|
57
|
49
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Windowed
|
17
|
8
|
1.827(0.726-4.598)
|
0.8419(0.397-1.782)
|
0.651
|
Divorced
|
13
|
9
|
1.242(0.489-3.153)
|
1.377(0.440-4.308)
|
0.582
|
Married
|
145
|
77
|
1.619(1.010-2.594)
|
1.357(0.435-4.238)
|
0.599
|
Residence
|
Urban
|
137
|
104
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Rural
|
95
|
39
|
1.849(1.177--2.905)
|
1.036(0.5421-.9820
|
0.914
|
Education
|
Can’t read and write
|
58
|
21
|
3.333(1.654-6.719)
|
1.762(0.621-5.000)
|
0.287
|
Can read and write
|
32
|
25
|
1.545(0.753-3.168)
|
0.959(0.348-2.638)
|
0.935
|
Primary
|
61
|
36
|
2.045(1.076--3.885)
|
1.440(0.587-3.531)
|
0.426
|
Secondary
|
52
|
26
|
2.414(1.222-4.770)
|
2.127(0.881-5.134)
|
0.093
|
Higher education
|
29
|
35
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Occupation
|
Government employee
|
29
|
35
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Private worker
|
51
|
27
|
2.280(1.157-4.491)
|
2.036(0.891-4.653)
|
0.092
|
Merchant
|
33
|
22
|
1.810(0.872-3.757)
|
1.756(0.676-4.563)
|
0.248
|
Farmers
|
68
|
24
|
3.420(1.737-6.732)
|
2.396(0.871-6.597)
|
0.091
|
Housewives
|
35
|
12
|
3.520(1.551-7.991)
|
3.41(1.145-10.153)
|
0.028
|
Daily laborers
|
3
|
13
|
0.279(0.072-1.073)
|
0.343(0.066-1.776)
|
0.202
|
Others
|
13
|
10
|
1.569(0.601-4.098)
|
1.901(0.532-6.789)
|
0.323
|
Monthly income
|
Low
|
130
|
66
|
1.487(0.978-2.260)
|
1.001(0.542-1.848)
|
0.998
|
High
|
102
|
77
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Chat chewing
|
Yes
|
212
|
117
|
2.356(1.261-4.401)
|
2.596(1.072-6.288)
|
0.035
|
No
|
20
|
26
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Alcohol drink
|
Yes
|
169
|
84
|
1.884(1.212-2.929)
|
1.690(0.978-2.920)
|
0.060
|
No
|
63
|
59
|
1.00
|
|
|
Smoking
|
Yes
|
226
|
132
|
3.139(1.135-8.684)
|
0.882(0.222-3.508)
|
0.858
|
No
|
6
|
11
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Living condition
|
Live alone
|
18
|
37
|
0.243(0.054-1.086)
|
0.215(0.039-1.176)
|
0.076
|
With family
|
208
|
103
|
1.010(0.248-4.119)
|
0.785(0.159-3.886)
|
0.767
|
Others
|
6
|
3
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Psychosocial counseling
|
Yes
|
132
|
226
|
0.319(0.115-0.881)
|
4.149(0.075-0.771)
|
0.016
|
No
|
11
|
6
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Previous history of hospitalization
|
Yes
|
82
|
106
|
1.598(1.050-2.432)
|
1.673(1.019-2.746)
|
0.042
|
No
|
61
|
126
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Type of case
|
Surgical
|
99
|
75
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
Medical
|
133
|
68
|
1.482(0.975-2.252)
|
1.412(0.857-2.327)
|
0.176
|
Hospital stay in weeks
|
< 1week
|
78
|
55
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
|
1-2 weeks
|
73
|
37
|
1.391(0.823-2.352)
|
1.205(0.039-2.233)
|
0.553
|
>2 weeks
|
81
|
51
|
1.120(0.685-1.831)
|
0.977(0.159-1.734)
|
0.938
|