1 Ghebreyesus, T. A., Mlambo-Ngcuka, P & Malone, D. (2020). Recommitting to women’s health 25 years after the Beijing Platform for Action on Women: what must governments do? BMJ Opinion, published October 27, 2020, accessed online at: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/10/27/recommitting-to-womens-health-25-years-after-the- beijing-platform-for-action-on-women-what-must-governments-do/
2 Perry, H., Crigler, L., Lewin, S., Glenton, C., LeBan, K., & Hodgins, S. (2017). A new resource for developing and strengthening large-scale community health worker programs. Human resources for health, 15(1), 1-3.
3 McKague, K., & Harrison, S. (2019). Gender and health social enterprises in Africa: a research agenda. International journal for equity in health, 18(1), 95.
4 Roy, M. J., Donaldson, C., Baker, R., & Kerr, S. (2014). The potential of social enterprise to enhance health and well-being: A model and systematic review. Social science & medicine, 123, 182-193.
5 Jhpiego. (2016). Gender analysis toolkit for health systems. Retrieved from Jhpiego website: https://gender.jhpiego.org/analysistoolkit/.
6 Kraft, J. M., Wilkins, K. G., Morales, G. J., Widyono, M., & Middlestadt, S. E. (2014). An evidence review of gender-integrated interventions in reproductive and maternal-child health. Journal of health communication, 19(sup1), 122-141.
7 Harrison, S., McKague, K. and Musoke, J. (2020). Gender Intentional Strategies to Enhance Health Social Enterprises in Africa: A Toolkit. Global Affairs Canada.
8 Interagency Gender Working Group (IGWG). Defining Gender and Related Terms. Training Materials.
9 Status of Women Canada. (2018). Introduction to GBA+. Sex and gender – Gender diversity. Note: Gender includes women, men, and non-binary gender, people of all genders whose “gender identity does not align with a binary understanding of gender such as man or woman. A gender identity which may include man and woman, androgynous, fluid, multiple, no gender, or a different gender outside of the ‘woman-man’ spectrum.”
10 GAC. (2017). Policy on Gender Equality.
11 Singh, K., Bloom, S., & Brodish, P. (2015). Gender equality as a means to improve maternal and child health in Africa. Health care for women international, 36(1), 57-69.
12 World Health Organization. (2011). WHO Gender Mainstreaming Manual for Health Managers: A practical approach. Annex 7. Handout – Selected issues in conducting gender analysis of maternal health. Department of Gender, Women and Health.
13 A. George. (2008). Nurses, community health workers, and home carers: gendered human resources compensating for skewed health systems. Global Public Health, 3: sup1, 75- 89, DOI: 10.1080/17441690801892240.
14 Adams, M. K., Salazar, E., & Lundgren, R. (2013). Tell them you are planning for the future: gender norms and family planning among adolescents in northern Uganda. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 123, e7-e10.
15 United Nations. (2014). Women’s Rights are Human Rights. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. New York and Geneva.
16 United Nations Development Programme. (1995). Human Development Report 1995. New York: Oxford UP.
17 World Bank. (2012). World Development Report. Gender Equality and Development.
18 Jhpiego. (2016). Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems. Citing World Bank, 2011.
19 Buse, K., & Hawkes, S. (2015). Health in the sustainable development goals: ready for a paradigm shift? Globalization and health, 11(1), 13.
20 Acumen. (2015). Women and Social Enterprises: How Gender Integration Can Boost Entrepreneurial Solutions to Poverty.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Singh, P., & Sachs, J. D. (2013). 1 million community health workers in sub-Saharan Africa by 2015. The Lancet, 382(9889), 363-365.
24 Crigler, L., Hill, K., Furth, R., & Bjerregaard, D. (2011). Community health worker assessment and improvement matrix (CHW AIM): a toolkit for improving community health worker programs and services. Published by the USAID Health Care Improvement Project.
25 Aitken, I. (2014). Training community health workers for large-scale community-based health care programs, in Developing and strengthening community health worker programs at scale: a reference guide and case studies for program managers and policymakers. Washington, DC: USAID/Maternal and Child Health Integrated Project (MCHIP).
26 Lehmann, U., & Sanders, D. (2007). Community health workers: What do we know about them? The state of evidence on programmes, activities, costs and health outcomes of using community health workers. Geneva, CH: WHO.
27 Colvin, D. (2014). What motivates community health workers? Designing programs that incentivize community health worker performance and retention. Developing and strengthening community health worker programs at scale: a reference guide for program managers and policy makers. Washington, DC: USAID/Maternal and Child Health Integrated Project (MCHIP).
28 Adapted from multiple sources: European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). (2019). Gender mainstreaming. What is gender mainstreaming? An essential guide to gender mainstreaming (video) and EIGE. (2019). Glossary & Thesaurus. A-Z Index. gender perspective.
29 Jhpiego. (2019). Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems. Johns Hopkins University Affiliate.
30 Morgan, R., George, A., Sali, S., Hawkins, K., Molyneux, S., & Theobald, S. (2016). How to do (or not to do)… gender analysis in health systems research. Health policy and planning, 31(8), 1069-1078.
31 Sheikh, K., George, A., & Gilson, L. (2014). People-centred science: strengthening the practice of health policy and systems research. Health research policy and systems, 12(1), 19.
32 Gates, M. F. (2014). Putting women and girls at the center of development. Science, 345(6202), 1273-1275.
33 Adapted from IGWG. (n.d.). Gender Integration Continuum. Training Materials and Gates, M., (2014). Putting women and girls at the centre of development. Perspective. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SCIENCE. Vol 345. Issue 6202. Page 1273.
34 There are numerous terms for being gender intentional or unintentional. For our purposes, Gender Blind aligns with being Gender Exploitative, Gender Accommodating aligns with being Gender Sensitive, and Gender Responsive aligns with being Gender Transformative.
35 Adapted from IGWG. (n.d.). Gender Integration Continuum. Training Materials and Gates, M., (2014). Putting women and girls at the centre of development. Perspective. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SCIENCE. Vol 345. Issue 6202. Page 1273.
36 Adapted from IGWG. (n.d.). Gender Integration Continuum. Training Materials.
37 Adapted from IGWG. (n.d.). Gender Integration Continuum. Training Materials.
38 Adapted from Jhpiego. (2019). Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems. Johns Hopkins University Affiliate.
39 Jhpiego. (2019). Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems. Johns Hopkins University Affiliate.
40 Holloway, I., & Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.
41 Mintzberg, H. 2005. Developing theory about the development of theory. In K. G. Smith & M.Hitt (Eds.), Great Minds in Management: The Process of Theory Development, 355-372. Oxford University Press.
42 McKague, K., & Harrison, S. (2019). Gender and health social enterprises in Africa: a research agenda. International journal for equity in health, 18(1), 95.
43 Including the International Labour Union (ILO). (1998). Unit 1: A conceptual framework for gender analysis and planning. The Harvard Analytical Framework; Jhpiego. (2016). Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems. John Hopkins University Affiliate; Research in Gender and Ethics (RinGs): Building stronger health systems. (2016). How to do gender analysis in health systems research: A guide; and Population Reference Bureau. (2009). A Manual for Integrating Gender into Reproductive Health and HIV Programs. Commitment to Action (2nd Edition).
44 McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview (Vol. 13). Sage.
45 Tolley, E. E., Ulin, P. R., Mack, N., Robinson, E. T., & Succop, S. M. (2016). Qualitative methods in public health: a field guide for applied research. John Wiley & Sons.
46 Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Strategies for qualitative data analysis. Basics of Qualitative Research.
47 Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of management review, 14(4), 532-550.
48 Langley, A. (1999). Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management review, 24(4), 691-710.
49 Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
50 Domestic partner will herein be called partner. For the purpose of this study, a partner may be a husband, wife, or cohabitating partner. In addition, depending on the context and existing gender dynamics and/or the gender and sociocultural norms, another family member (e.g., mother-in-law, sister, or brother) may play an important role, especially when there is no partner or when the context dictates strong family influence.
51 Ghebreyesus, T. A., Mlambo-Ngcuka, P & Malone, D. (2020). Recommitting to women’s health 25 years after the Beijing Platform for Action on Women: what must governments do? BMJ Opinion, published October 27, 2020, accessed online at: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/10/27/recommitting-to-womens-health-25-years-after-the- beijing-platform-for-action-on-women-what-must-governments-do/
52 Ibid.
53 Barker, G., Contreras, J. M., Heilman, B., Singh, A. K., Verma, R. K., & Nascimento, M. (2011). Evolving Men. Initial Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). ICRW.
54 Dworkin, S. L., Fleming, P. J., & Colvin, C. J. (2015). The promises and limitations of gender- transformative health programming with men: critical reflections from the field. Culture, health & sexuality, 17(sup2), 128-143.
55 Fotheringham, S., & Saunders, C. (2014). Social enterprise as poverty reducing strategy for women. Social Enterprise Journal.