Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants by frailty status
Characteristic
|
Non-frail
|
Frail
|
Total
|
P
|
(n = 1923)
|
(n = 462)
|
(n = 2385)
|
Age (mean ± SD)
|
|
76.13 ± 3.7
|
77.9 ± 4.0
|
76.4 ± 3.8
|
<.001*
|
Female, n (%)
|
1013 (52.7)
|
241 (52.2)
|
1254 (52.6)
|
.843
|
Height, cm (mean ± SD)
|
158.3 ± 8.3
|
156.7 ± 8.8
|
158.0 ± 8.4
|
<.001*
|
Weight, kg (mean ± SD)
|
61.5 ± 9.2
|
59.1 ± 9.8
|
61.0 ± 9.3
|
<.001*
|
Total fat mass, kg (mean ± SD)
|
19.7 ± 5.7
|
19.1 ± 6.2
|
19.6 ± 5.8
|
.041*
|
Trunk fat mass, kg (mean ± SD)
|
10.9 ± 3.5
|
10.4 ± 3.7
|
10.7 ± 3.6
|
.002*
|
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
24.49 ± 2.91
|
24.03 ± 3.27
|
24.40 ± 2.99
|
.003*
|
BFP, % (mean ± SD)
|
32.17 ± 7.8
|
32.15 ± 8.3
|
32.1 ± 7.9
|
.972
|
FMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
7.96 ± 2.54
|
7.86 ± 2.74
|
7.94 ± 2.58
|
.483
|
FFMI, kg/m2(mean ± SD)
|
16.39 ± 1.82
|
16.03 ± 1.81
|
16.33 ± 1.82
|
<.001*
|
TFMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
4.42 ± 1.52
|
4.27 ± 1.63
|
4.37 ± 1.56
|
.06
|
BMI categories, n (%)
|
<18
|
28 (1.5)
|
22 (4.8)
|
20 (2.1)
|
<.001*
|
|
18–24.9
|
1096 (57.0)
|
267 (57.8)
|
1363 (57.1)
|
|
|
25–29.9
|
723 (37.6)
|
157 (34.0)
|
880 (36.9)
|
|
|
>30
|
76 (4.0)
|
16 (3.5)
|
92 (3.9)
|
|
Years of education, n (%)
|
<6
|
769 (40.0)
|
242 (52.4)
|
1011 (42.4)
|
<.001*
|
7–12
|
746 (38.8)
|
151 (32.7)
|
897 (37.6)
|
>13
|
408 (21.2)
|
69 (14.9)
|
477 (20.0)
|
Marital status, n (%)
|
Married
|
1504 (78.2)
|
348 (75.3)
|
1852 (77.7)
|
.181
|
Income, million won per month, n (%)
|
>3
|
372 (19.3)
|
76 (16.5)
|
448 (18.8)
|
<.001*
|
1–3
|
853 (44.4)
|
170 (36.8)
|
1023 (42.9)
|
<1
|
698 (36.3)
|
216 (46.8)
|
914 (38.3)
|
Residency, n (%)
|
Urban
|
1572 (81.7)
|
351 (80.1)
|
1942 (81.4)
|
.41
|
Rural
|
351 (18.3)
|
92 (19.9)
|
443 (18.6)
|
Current smoker, n (%)
|
|
608 (31.6)
|
155 (33.5)
|
763 (32.0)
|
.424
|
Alcohol use, n (%)
|
|
1133 (58.9)
|
271 (58.7)
|
1404 (58.9)
|
.919
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
|
1075 (55.9)
|
276 (59.7)
|
1351 (56.6)
|
.295
|
Dyslipidemia, n (%)
|
|
654 (34.0)
|
134 (29.0)
|
788 (33.0)
|
.058
|
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
|
|
412 (21.4)
|
118 (25.5)
|
530 (22.2)
|
.161
|
Depression, n (%)
|
|
52 (2.7)
|
13 (2.8)
|
65 (2.7)
|
.936
|
OA, n (%)
|
|
416 (21.6)
|
111 (24.0)
|
527 (22.1)
|
.121
|
Osteoporosis, n (%)
|
|
275 (14.3)
|
78 (16.9)
|
353 (14.8)
|
.203
|
WBC, 109/L (mean ± SD)
|
|
5.7 ± 1.5
|
6.1 ± 1.8
|
5.8 ± 1.5
|
<.001*
|
Hb, mmol/L (mean ± SD)
|
|
13.5 ± 1.4
|
13.1 ± 1.4
|
13.4 ± 1.4
|
<.001*
|
MMSE-KC (mean ± SD)
|
|
26.0 ± 3.0
|
24.7 ± 3.54
|
25.7 ± 3.1
|
<.001*
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; TFMI, trunk fat mass index; OA, osteoarthritis; WBC, white blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; MMSE-KC, Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of the CERAD assessment packet
1 million won = approximately 900 USD
*P < .05
Table 2. Body composition characteristics by sex
Characteristic
|
Male
|
Female
|
P
|
(n = 1131)
|
(n = 1255)
|
Height, cm (mean ± SD)
|
164.8 ± 5.6
|
151.8 ± 5.2
|
<.001*
|
Weight, kg (mean ± SD)
|
65.2 ± 9.0
|
57.2 ± 8.0
|
<.001*
|
BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
23.9 ± 2.8
|
24.7 ± 3.0
|
<.001*
|
BFP, % (mean ± SD)
|
26.5 ± 6.0
|
37.2 ± 5.8
|
<.001*
|
FMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
6.4 ± 1.9
|
9.2 ± 2.3
|
<.001*
|
FFMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
17.4 ± 1.6
|
15.3 ± 1.3
|
<.001*
|
TFMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD)
|
3.68 ± 1.3
|
5.0 ± 1.4
|
<.001*
|
Total fat mass, kg (mean ± SD)
|
17.5 ± 5.5
|
21.4 ± 5.5
|
<.001*
|
Trunk fat mass, kg (mean ± SD)
|
10.0 ± 3.6
|
11.6 ± 3.3
|
<.001*
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; TFMI, trunk fat mass index.
*P < .05
Table 3. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of frailty by BMI categories
BMI
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
Categories
|
OR
(95% CI)
|
P
|
OR
(95% CI)
|
P
|
Unadjusted
Normal weight
Underweight
Overweight
Obesity
Fully adjusted†
Normal weight
Underweight
Overweight
Obesity
|
reference
3.00 (1.49–6.01)
0.80 (0.57–1.11)
0.83 (0.31–2.22)
reference
2.92 (1.39–6.15)
0.72 (0.51–1.03)
0.75 (0.26–2.14)
|
0.002*
0.185
0.716
0.005*
0.074
0.598
|
reference
3.69 (1.31–10.36)
0.97 (0.72–1.30)
0.89 (0.45–1.75)
reference
2.80 (0.70–8.07)
1.02 (0.74–1.40)
0.85 (0.42–1.74)
|
0.013*
0.842
0.742
0.044*
0.887
0.667
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
BMIs (kg/m2) were categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), or obese (≥30.0 kg/m2).
*Unless otherwise indicated, the data are reported as relative risk (95% confidence interval).
†Adjusted for age, years of education, location of residence, depression, marital status, monthly income, smoking, alcohol drinking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.
*P < .05
Table 4. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of frailty by body composition
|
Male
|
Female
|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
|
BMI
Unadjusted
|
0.926 (0.880–0.975)
|
.004*
|
0.969 (0.922–1.019)
|
.219
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.914 (0.864–0.967)
|
.002*
|
0.973 (0.925–1.023)
|
.288
|
BFP
Unadjusted
|
1.007 (0.982–1.032)
|
.600
|
0.996 (0.973–1.020)
|
.739
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.996 (0.970–1.022)
|
.757
|
1.012 (0.986–1.039)
|
.368
|
FMI
Unadjusted
|
0.983 (0.913–1.060)
|
.662
|
0.969 (0.922–1.019)
|
.219
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.952 (0.878–1.033)
|
.236
|
1.011 (0.947–1.080)
|
.745
|
FFMI
Unadjusted
|
0.808 (0.737–0.885)
|
.000*
|
0.969 (0.922–1.019)
|
.219
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.812 (0.736–0.896)
|
.000*
|
0.891 (0.798–0.995)
|
.041*
|
TFMI
Unadjusted
|
0.923 (0.826–1.031)
|
0.157
|
0.934 (0.847–1.030)
|
.173
|
Fully adjusted†
|
881 (0.782–0.993)
|
0.038*
|
0.951 (0.857–1.056)
|
.347
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; TFMI, trunk fat mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*Unless otherwise indicated, the data are reported as relative risk (95% confidence interval).
†Adjusted for age, years of education, location of residence, depression, marital status, monthly income, smoking, alcohol drinking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis
*P < .05
Table 5. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of poor physical performance (SPPB score ≤ 9) and body composition
|
Male
|
Female
|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
|
OR (95% CI)
|
P
|
BMI
Unadjusted
|
0.952 (0.894–1.014)
|
.129
|
1.046 (1.001–1.093)
|
.045*
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.967 (0.903–1.036)
|
.337
|
1.058 (1.008–1.111)
|
.022*
|
BFP
Unadjusted
|
1.017 (0.986–1.049)
|
.293
|
1.001 (0.978–1.024)
|
.936
|
Fully adjusted†
|
1.018 (0.985–1.052)
|
.277
|
1.034 (1.008–1.061)
|
.010*
|
FMI
Unadjusted
|
1.113 (0.925–1.113)
|
.757
|
1.035 (0.976–1.097)
|
.245
|
Fully adjusted†
|
1.028 (0.929–1.137)
|
.593
|
1.090 (1.023–1.161)
|
.008*
|
FFMI
Unadjusted
|
0.836 (0.748–0.935)
|
.002*
|
1.096 (0.996–1.207)
|
.062
|
Fully adjusted†
|
0.865 (0.767–0.974)
|
.017*
|
1.002 (0.899–1.115)
|
.977
|
TFMI
Unadjusted
|
1.030 (0.898–1.180)
|
0.674
|
1.080 (0.984–1.186)
|
.106
|
Fully adjusted†
|
1.043 (0.901–1.208)
|
0.573
|
1.121 (1.014–1.240)
|
.026*
|
Abbreviations: SPPB, short physical performance battery; BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; TFMI, trunk fat mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are reported as relative risk (95% confidence interval).
†Adjusted for age, years of education, location of residence, depression, marital status, monthly income, smoking, alcohol drinking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis
*P < .05