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Research article
Esteban Ortiz-Prado
Universidad de Las Américas
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-7498
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: In contrast to the rapid increase in thyroid cancer incidence, the mortality has remained low and stable over the last decades. In Ecuador, however, thyroid cancer mortality has increased. The objective of this study is to determine possible drivers of high rates of thyroid cancer mortality, through a cross-sectional analysis of all patients attending a thyroid cancer referral center in Ecuador.
Methods: From June 2014 to December 2017, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, a regional reference public hospital for endocrine neoplasia in adults in Quito, Ecuador. We identified the mechanism of detection, histopathology and treatment modalities from a patient interview and review of clinical records.
Results: Among 452 patients, 74.8% were young adults and 94.2% (426) were female. 13.7% had a family history of thyroid cancer, and patients’ median tumor size was 2 cm. The incidental finding was 54.2% whereas 45.8% was non-incidental. Thyroid cancer histology reported that 93.3% had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 2.7% follicular, 1.5% Hurtle cells, 1.6% medullary, 0.7% poor differentiated, and 0.2% anaplastic carcinoma. The mean MACIS (metastasis, age, completeness, invasion, and size) score was 4.95 (CI 4.15-5.95) with 76.2% of the thyroid cancer patients having MACIS score less than or equal to 6. The very low and low risk of recurrence was 18.1% (79) and 62% (271) respectively. An analysis of 319 patients with non-metastatic thyroid cancer showed that 10.7% (34) of patients had surgical complications. Moreover, around 62.5% (80 from 128 patients with thyroglobulin laboratory results) of TC patients had a stimulated-thyroglobulin value equal or higher than 2 ng/ml. Overall, a poor surgical outcome was present in 35.1% (112) patients. Out of 436 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, 86% (375) received radioactive iodine.
Conclusion: Thyroid cancer histological characteristics and method of diagnosis are like those described in other reports without any evidence of the high frequency of aggressive thyroid cancer histology. However, we observed evidence of overtreatment and poor surgical outcomes that demand additional studies to understand their association with thyroid cancer mortality in Ecuador.
Keywords
Thyroid Cancer, Histopathology, Surgical, Outcome, Ecuador, Latin-America
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Cancer.
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Posted 05 Jan, 2021
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 19 Dec, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 13 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Review #1 received
Received 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Oct, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 09 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 22 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 28 Oct, 2019
Editor assigned
On 17 Oct, 2019
First submitted
On 16 Oct, 2019
Editor invited
On 16 Oct, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Cancer.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Esteban Ortiz-Prado
Universidad de Las Américas
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-7498
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Cancer.
Version 3
Posted 05 Jan, 2021
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 19 Dec, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 13 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Review #1 received
Received 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Oct, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 08 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 09 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 22 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 28 Oct, 2019
Editor assigned
On 17 Oct, 2019
First submitted
On 16 Oct, 2019
Editor invited
On 16 Oct, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Cancer.
Background: In contrast to the rapid increase in thyroid cancer incidence, the mortality has remained low and stable over the last decades. In Ecuador, however, thyroid cancer mortality has increased. The objective of this study is to determine possible drivers of high rates of thyroid cancer mortality, through a cross-sectional analysis of all patients attending a thyroid cancer referral center in Ecuador.
Methods: From June 2014 to December 2017, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, a regional reference public hospital for endocrine neoplasia in adults in Quito, Ecuador. We identified the mechanism of detection, histopathology and treatment modalities from a patient interview and review of clinical records.
Results: Among 452 patients, 74.8% were young adults and 94.2% (426) were female. 13.7% had a family history of thyroid cancer, and patients’ median tumor size was 2 cm. The incidental finding was 54.2% whereas 45.8% was non-incidental. Thyroid cancer histology reported that 93.3% had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 2.7% follicular, 1.5% Hurtle cells, 1.6% medullary, 0.7% poor differentiated, and 0.2% anaplastic carcinoma. The mean MACIS (metastasis, age, completeness, invasion, and size) score was 4.95 (CI 4.15-5.95) with 76.2% of the thyroid cancer patients having MACIS score less than or equal to 6. The very low and low risk of recurrence was 18.1% (79) and 62% (271) respectively. An analysis of 319 patients with non-metastatic thyroid cancer showed that 10.7% (34) of patients had surgical complications. Moreover, around 62.5% (80 from 128 patients with thyroglobulin laboratory results) of TC patients had a stimulated-thyroglobulin value equal or higher than 2 ng/ml. Overall, a poor surgical outcome was present in 35.1% (112) patients. Out of 436 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, 86% (375) received radioactive iodine.
Conclusion: Thyroid cancer histological characteristics and method of diagnosis are like those described in other reports without any evidence of the high frequency of aggressive thyroid cancer histology. However, we observed evidence of overtreatment and poor surgical outcomes that demand additional studies to understand their association with thyroid cancer mortality in Ecuador.
Figure 1
Figure 2
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