3.1 Comparison between Group 1, Groug 2, Group 3 and Group 4.
3.1.1 Comparison between Group 1 and Group 3
The values of FBG, TG, FFWL, FFWP, and the FF of the body and the tail of the pancreas and VAT in Group 1 were all higher than those in Group 3 (shown in Table 1). Univariate logistic regression indicated that, for patients and volunteers with BMI lower than 25, FBG (B = 1.59, Exp(B) = 4.94, P = 0.00), TG (B = 0.99, Exp(B) = 2.70, P = 0.02), FFWL (B = 0.21, Exp(B) = 1.23, P = 0.01), FFWP (B = 0.23, Exp(B) = 1.26, P = 0.02), the FF of pancreas body (B = 1.60, Exp(B) = 1.17, P = 0.04), the FF of pancreas tail (B = 0.22, Exp(B) = 1.24, P = 0.01), and VAT (B = 0.01, Exp(B) = 1.01, P = 0.02) are the risk factors for T2DM. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that FBG is the independent predictor for people with BMI lower than 25 (B = 1.59,Exp(B) = 4.94,P = 0.00).
Table 1
Comparison of tissue FF and clinical indicators between Group 1 and Group 3
| Group 3 | Group 1 | P |
FBG(mmol/L) | 4.93 ± 0.66 | 8.83 ± 3.47 | 0.00 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.86 | 1.19 ± 0.44 | 0.03 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 2.76 ± 0.97 | 3.03 ± 0.93 | 0.23 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.49 | 1.75 ± 1.41 | 0.00 |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 1.09 | 4.73 ± 1.10 | 0.14 |
FFWL(%) | 4.17 ± 2.52 | 7.86 ± 5.95 | 0.00 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 6.81 ± 4.69 | 7.63 ± 3.84 | 0.38 |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 7.52 ± 3.45 | 9.11 ± 3.86 | 0.06 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 7.12 ± 2.67 | 8.88 ± 4.10 | 0.04 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 6.91 ± 2.11 | 9.10 ± 4.47 | 0.00 |
FFWP(%) | 7.09 ± 2.60 | 8.68 ± 3.00 | 0.01 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.64 ± 0.29 | 1.84 ± 1.79 | 0.56 |
SAT(cm2) | 91.46 ± 39.48 | 88.05 ± 39.44 | 0.70 |
VAT(cm2) | 69.36 ± 54.77 | 97.13 ± 47.74 | 0.01 |
TAT(cm2) | 160.82 ± 81.15 | 185.19 ± 61.41 | 0.11 |
3.1.2 Comparison between Group 2 and Group 4
The values of FBG, TG, CHOL, FFWL, FFWP, the FF of the head of pancreas and VAT in Group 2 are all higher than those in Group 4 (shown in Table 2). Through univariate logistic regression, it is indicated that, FBG (B = 2.30, Exp(B) = 10.03, P = 0.00), HLD(B=-2.25, Exp(B) = 0.10, P = 0.02), FFWL (B = 0.17, Exp(B) = 1.19, P = 0.03) and VAT (B = 0.01, Exp(B) = 1.01, P = 0.01) are the predictors for T2DM. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that FBG (B = 3.52, Exp(B) = 33.84, P = 0.02) and FFWP (B = 0.72, Exp(B) = 2.06, P = 0.02) are the independent predictors for people with BMI ≥ 25.
Table 2
Comparison of tissue FF and clinical indicators between Group 2 and Group 4
| Group 4 | Group 2 | P |
FBG(mmol/L) | 5.45 ± 0.60 | 9.06 ± 2.75 | 0.00 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.48 | 0.98 ± 0.27 | 0.12 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 3.17 ± 0.77 | 3.10 ± 0.98 | 0.82 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.79 ± 0.78 | 5.13 ± 7.15 | 0.00 |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.79 ± 0.56 | 5.65 ± 2.13 | 0.01 |
FFWL(%) | 6.04 ± 3.63 | 13.85 ± 9.18 | 0.00 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 6.50 ± 2.15 | 8.69 ± 4.69 | 0.02 |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 7.86 ± 2.47 | 9.07 ± 5.95 | 0.51 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 9.00 ± 3.54 | 10.83 ± 4.81 | 0.23 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 8.94 ± 2.25 | 11.19 ± 5.19 | 0.16 |
FFWP(%) | 8.08 ± 1.95 | 9.95 ± 3.87 | 0.02 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.67 ± 0.35 | 2.18 ± 1.86 | 0.37 |
SAT(cm2) | 137.96 ± 84.95 | 124.72 ± 67.74 | 0.57 |
VAT(cm2) | 108.03 ± 51.75 | 172.22 ± 77.42 | 0.01 |
TAT(cm2) | 245.99 ± 119.63 | 296.94 ± 116.10 | 0.19 |
3.1.3 Comparison between Group 1 and Group 2
For T2DM patients, TG, CHOL, FFWL, FFWP, FF of the head and tail of pancreas, SAT, VAT and TAT in Group 2 were all higher than those in Group 1, and HDL of Group 1 is lower than that of Group 2 (shown in Table 3).
Table 3
Comparison of tissue FF and clinical indicators between Group 1 and Group 2
| Group 1 | Group 2 | P |
FBG(mmol/L) | 8.83 ± 3.47 | 9.06 ± 2.75 | 0.69 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.44 | 0.98 ± 0.27 | 0.00 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 3.03 ± 0.93 | 3.10 ± 0.98 | 0.67 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.75 ± 1.41 | 5.13 ± 7.15 | 0.00 |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 1.10 | 5.65 ± 2.13 | 0.00 |
FFWL(%) | 7.86 ± 5.95 | 13.85 ± 9.18 | 0.00 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 7.63 ± 3.84 | 8.69 ± 4.69 | 0.17 |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 9.11 ± 3.86 | 9.07 ± 5.95 | 0.96 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 8.88 ± 4.10 | 10.83 ± 4.81 | 0.01 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 9.10 ± 4.47 | 11.19 ± 5.19 | 0.02 |
Average FF of pancreas(%) | 8.68 ± 3.00 | 9.95 ± 3.87 | 0.04 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.84 ± 1.79 | 2.18 ± 1.86 | 0.31 |
SAT(cm2) | 88.05 ± 39.44 | 124.72 ± 67.74 | 0.00 |
VAT(cm2) | 97.13 ± 47.74 | 172.22 ± 77.42 | 0.00 |
TAT(cm2) | 185.19 ± 61.41 | 296.94 ± 116.10 | 0.00 |
3.1.4 Comparison between Group 2 and Group 4
For control group, FPG, TG, CHOL, FF of the tail of pancreas, SAT and TAT in Group 2(BMI ≥ 25) were all higher than those in Group 1(BMI༜25)(shown in Table 4).
Table 4
Comparison of tissue FF and clinical indicators between Group 2 and Group 4
| Group3 | Group 4 | P |
FPG(mmol/L) | 4.93 ± 0.66 | 5.45 ± 0.60 | 0.031 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.86 | 1.24 ± 0.48 | 0.385 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 2.76 ± 0.97 | 3.17 ± 0.77 | 0.223 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.49 | 1.79 ± 0.78 | 0.002 |
CHLO(mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 1.09 | 4.79 ± 0.56 | 0.120 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 6.81 ± 4.69 | 6.50 ± 2.15 | 0.838 |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 7.52 ± 3.45 | 7.86 ± 2.47 | 0.767 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 7.12 ± 2.67 | 9.00 ± 3.54 | 0.079 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 6.91 ± 2.11 | 8.94 ± 2.25 | 0.012 |
Average FF of pancreas(%) | 7.09 ± 2.60 | 8.08 ± 1.95 | 0.264 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.64 ± 0.29 | 1.67 ± 0.35 | 0.799 |
SAT(cm2) | 91.46 ± 39.48 | 137.96 ± 84.95 | 0.024 |
VAT(cm2) | 69.36 ± 54.77 | 108.03 ± 51.75 | 0.051 |
TAT(cm2) | 160.82 ± 81.15 | 245.99 ± 119.63 | 0.014 |
3.2 Comparison between T2DM patients and volunteers with normal liver fat content
As shown in Table 5, for subjects with normal liver fat content, FBG, FFWP, FF of pancreas tail and VAT of T2DM patients were higher than those of control volunteers.
Table 5
Comparison between T2DM patients and volunteers with normal liver fat content
| Volunteers | T2DM patients | P |
FBG(mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 0.68 | 8.55 ± 3.48 | 0.00 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.54 ± 0.83 | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 0.04 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 2.86 ± 0.91 | 2.90 ± 0.91 | 0.85 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.25 ± 0.66 | 1.36 ± 0.77 | 0.54 |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.53 ± 1.00 | 4.48 ± 0.98 | 0.84 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 6.36 ± 3.61 | 7.83 ± 4.11 | 0.12 |
F of pancreas neck(%) | 7.49 ± 3.05 | 8.35 ± 4.53 | 0.37 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 7.30 ± 3.19 | 8.08 ± 3.40 | 0.32 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 7.41 ± 2.28 | 9.83 ± 5.29 | 0.00 |
FFWP(%) | 7.14 ± 2.38 | 8.52 ± 3.00 | 0.04 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.64 ± 0.30 | 1.64 ± 0.31 | 0.90 |
SAT(cm2) | 93.35 ± 45.30 | 91.63 ± 44.93 | 0.87 |
VAT(cm2) | 65.62 ± 48.22 | 100.58 ± 63.65 | 0.01 |
TAT(cm2) | 158.97 ± 82.63 | 192.21 ± 81.09 | 0.09 |
3.3 Comparison between T2DM patients and volunteers with mild liver fat content
As shown in Table 6, for subjects with mild liver fat content, FBG, FFWP, FF of pancreas neck and tail of T2DM patients were higher than those of control volunteers.
Table 6
Comparison between T2DM patients and volunteers with mild liver fat content
| Volunteers | T2DM patients | P |
FBG(mmol/L) | 5.02 ± 0.70 | 9.20 ± 3.19 | 0.00 |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.44 | 0.99 ± 0.36 | 0.49 |
LDL(mmol/L) | 2.97 ± 0.99 | 2.97 ± 1.08 | 0.99 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.49 ± 0.69 | 3.75 ± 6.38 | 0.29 |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 0.92 | 5.06 ± 1.94 | 0.29 |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 7.77 ± 5.40 | 9.69 ± 4.04 | 0.22 |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 7.99 ± 3.67 | 11.46 ± 4.22 | 0.02 |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 8.68 ± 2.26 | 11.26 ± 5.67 | 0.16 |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 7.69 ± 2.50 | 11.85 ± 6.19 | 0.04 |
Average FF of pancreas(%) | 8.03 ± 2.66 | 11.07 ± 3.89 | 0.02 |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.70 ± 0.33 | 1.68 ± 0.30 | 0.84 |
SAT(cm2) | 137.15 ± 81.38 | 109.23 ± 58.77 | 0.23 |
VAT(cm2) | 122.73 ± 57.97 | 140.35 ± 62.39 | 0.43 |
TAT(cm2) | 259.88 ± 111.21 | 249.58 ± 89.67 | 0.76 |
3.4 Comparison between T2DM patients with different liver fat content
According to the liver fat content, T2DM patients were separated into normal, mild, medium and heavy groups. After post-hoc test analysis, the results of all the parameters were: HDL normal༞mild༞heavy, medium༞heavy; TG normal༜heavy, medium༜heavy; CHOL normal༜medium༜heavy, mild༜heavy; FF in the head of pancreas normal, mild and medium༞heavy; FF in the neck of pancreas heavy༜normal༜mild, medium༞heavy; FF in the body of pancreas mild and medium༞normal, heavy༜mild; FF of the whole pancreas mild༞normal༞heavy, medium༞heavy; Average diameter of pancreas heavy༞normal, mild; VAT heavy, mild༞normal; TAT mild, heavy༞ normal.(shown in Table 7)
Table 7
Comparison between T2DM patients with different liver fat content
| normal | mild | medium | Heavy | F | P | post-hoc test analysis |
FBG(mmol/L) | 8.55 ± 3.48 | 9.20 ± 3.19 | 9.40 ± 3.23 | 8.78 ± 1.99 | 0.46 | 0.70 | |
HDL(mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 0.99 ± 0.36 | 1.19 ± 0.30 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 6.76 | 0.00 | normal > mild > heavy;medium > heavy |
LDL(mmol/L) | 2.90 ± 0.91 | 2.97 ± 1.08 | 3.43 ± 1.04 | 3.17 ± 0.43 | 1.73 | 0.16 | |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 0.77 | 3.75 ± 6.38 | 2.04 ± 1.36 | 8.93 ± 7.76 | 11.69 | 0.00 | normal < heavy; medium < heavy |
CHOL(mmol/L) | 4.48 ± 0.98 | 5.06 ± 1.94 | 5.23 ± 1.05 | 6.90 ± 2.18 | 10.17 | 0.00 | normal < medium < heavy;mild < heavy |
FF of pancreas head(%) | 7.83 ± 4.11 | 9.69 ± 4.04 | 8.84 ± 5.01 | 4.71 ± 0.93 | 6.17 | 0.00 | normal,mild༌medium > heavy |
FF of pancreas neck(%) | 8.35 ± 4.53 | 11.46 ± 4.22 | 11.32 ± 4.40 | 3.29 ± 1.05 | 17.85 | 0.00 | heavy < normal < mild;medium > heavy |
FF of pancreas body(%) | 8.08 ± 3.40 | 11.26 ± 5.67 | 11.64 ± 4.94 | 8.65 ± 0.36 | 5.51 | 0.00 | mild,medium > normal;heavy < medium |
FF of pancreas tail(%) | 9.83 ± 5.29 | 11.85 ± 6.19 | 8.74 ± 2.74 | 8.86 ± 0.71 | 2.52 | 0.06 | mild > normal;medium < normal༛heavy > medium |
FFWP(%) | 8.52 ± 3.00 | 11.07 ± 3.89 | 10.14 ± 3.16 | 6.38 ± 0.67 | 10.03 | 0.00 | mild > normal > heavy;medium > heavy |
Average diameter of pancreas(cm) | 1.64 ± 0.31 | 1.68 ± 0.30 | 2.86 ± 4.00 | 2.37 ± 0.29 | 2.99 | 0.03 | heavy > normal,mild |
SAT(cm2) | 91.63 ± 44.93 | 109.23 ± 58.77 | 114.87 ± 82.36 | 116.63 ± 33.15 | 1.34 | 0.26 | |
VAT(cm2) | 100.58 ± 63.65 | 140.35 ± 62.39 | 134.41 ± 64.29 | 189.85 ± 90.14 | 7.46 | 0.00 | heavy,mild > normal |
TAT(cm2) | 192.21 ± 81.09 | 249.58 ± 89.67 | 249.2 ± 125.68 | 306.48 ± 123.23 | 5.97 | 0.00 | mild,heavy > normal |
SFP | 0.50 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 2.62 | 0.05 | normal > heavy |
VFP | 0.50 ± 0.17 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 2.62 | 0.05 | heavy > normal |