2.1 Materials
The following materials were used in this study.
2.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (Dangote 3X brand, 42.5R grade) conforming to BS 12:1991 was used for preparing concrete mix.
2.1.2 Aggregate
The aggregate typed used was quarry dust. It is grey fine rock particles with maximum particle passing 4.75 mm sieve. The quarry dust used is dry in condition, thoroughly retained on 150 μm aperture sieve size, and sourced locally at a granite quarry site in Omu-Aran, Kwara State. The physical properties of quarry dust used is presented in Table 1.
2.1.3 Bitumen
Bitumen of grade 50/70 was adopted for this research. It was sourced from a petroleum company. The properties of the bitumen is shown in Table 2
Table 1: Physical properties of Quarry dust
S/N
|
Physical Properties
|
Quarry dust
|
1
|
Specific gravity
|
2.70
|
2
|
Fineness modulus
|
2.85
|
3
|
Bulk Density (kg/m3)
|
1780
|
4
|
Fine particles less than 0.0075 mm (%)
|
13
|
Table 2: Bitumen properties
PARAMETERS
|
VALUE
|
SPECIFICATION
|
STANDARD
|
Penetration @250C
|
66
|
60-70
|
AASTHO D-5
|
Ductility @ 250C
|
121
|
100 Min
|
AASTHO D-113
|
Solubility
|
107
|
99.5 Min
|
AASTHO D-4
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
2753
|
2400 Min
|
ASTM D-2171
|
Flash Point (0C)
|
287
|
≥ 250
|
ASTM D-70
|
Softening Point (0C)
|
56
|
55-65
|
ASTM D36
|
Specific gravity @ 250C
|
1.04
|
1.01-1.06
|
ASTM D-92
|
2.1.4 PET bottles
The polymeric materials used for modification were waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles collected within Landmark University campus (see Figure 1). The labels on the bottles were removed and the bottles were then washed and air-dried to enable easy melting
2.2 Mix Proportions
The mix proportion used for laboratory work is shown in Table 3. The optimum bitumen content of the bituminous concrete was modified with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of molten PET bottles to determine their effect at different modification levels.
Table 3: Specimen mix proportion
Mix ID
|
% PET replacement
|
Bitumen (g)
|
PET (g)
|
Cement(g)
|
Quarry dust (g)
|
C100
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
342
|
2048
|
B100
|
0
|
4,608
|
0
|
0
|
2048
|
PMB-2
|
2%
|
3,724
|
76
|
0
|
2048
|
PMB-4
|
4%
|
3,648
|
152
|
0
|
2048
|
PMB-6
|
6%
|
3,572
|
228
|
0
|
2048
|
PMB-8
|
8%
|
3,496
|
304
|
0
|
2048
|
PMB-10
|
10%
|
3,420
|
380
|
0
|
2048
|
Remark: Mix ID: C100, is 100% Cement base concrete paving block; B100, is unmodified bitumen paving blocks; and PMB-a, PMB = PET modified bitumen paving blocks – while ‘a’ is the percentage replacement of bitumen with PET.
2.3 Laboratory Test
2.3.1 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of the samples was measured at 7, 14, and 28days according to ASTM C39/C39M-09a, using the Universal Testing Machine (see Figure 2). The compressive strength tests are done in whole units of sample blocks, and the value is taken as the quotient of the maximum test load (until rupture) and the cross-section of the specimen tested 14.
2.3.3 Water Absorption
Water absorption test was conducted to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions in accordance with British Standard 15. The paving block samples after 28 days were oven-dried at a temperature of 1050C for 6 hours. The oven-dry weight of the paving block was measured and subsequently wholly immersed in water for 24hours. The weight after water immersion is also measured.
2.3.4 Skid Resistance
The skid resistance of the samples was measured using the Portable Skid Resistance Tester (British Pendulum tester) shown in Figure 3 in accordance with British Standard 16. The pendulum released from the horizontal position hit the surface and the needle position indicates reading of the pointer to the nearest whole number17. This approach focus on the pavement surface microtexture which refers to the small-scale texture of the pavement aggregate component that controls contact between the tire rubber and the pavement surface18. Three (3) runs of British pendulum tester (BPT) were conducted over each of the samples produced and the mean value is recorded. Before running the BPT, A 24-hour curing period was taken into account and the surface was properly wet as per wet condition specifications.
2.3.5 Cantabro loss
The Cantabro abrasion resistance test was carried out on the specimen using Los Angeles abrasion (LAA) testing machine in accordance with ASTM standard 19. Durability is a vital requirement of any type of pavement surface. Hence, it is imperative that the loss of particles on bitumen pavement surface when subjected to abrasive load be minimum for structural reliability 20. In this test, each sample of the paving block was placed in LAA machine. The initial weight of each specimen is measured ( ) and recorded before placing it into the machine. The LAA machine was allowed to rotate at a speed of 30–33 revolutions per minute for 300 revolutions. After the revolution, the abraded sample (see Figure 4) was cleaned from any loose rubbles and weigh( ).Equation 1 is used to compute the abrassion loss.
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)