Table 1: Share of female ownership of firms
|
|
Share of female ownership (%)
|
Year
|
No. of firms
|
Any female
|
50% female
|
Full female
|
2011
|
706
|
38.81
|
37.68
|
35.55
|
2012
|
716
|
38.83
|
37.71
|
35.75
|
2013
|
721
|
38.70
|
37.31
|
35.09
|
2014
|
723
|
38.87
|
37.48
|
35.41
|
2015
|
725
|
39.03
|
37.66
|
35.59
|
Full sample
|
3591
|
38.85
|
37.57
|
35.48
|
Table 2: Summary statistics of variables
|
|
Any female
|
50% Female
|
Full female
|
VARIABLES
|
Mean
|
Male
|
Female
|
Male
|
Female
|
Male
|
Female
|
Age of firm
|
13.63
|
14.00
|
13.05
|
13.90
|
13.17
|
13.84
|
13.24
|
|
(0.16)
|
(0.21)
|
(0.22)
|
(0.21)
|
(0.22)
|
(0.21)
|
(0.23)
|
Sole proprietorship (%)
|
88.81
|
88.30
|
89.61
|
86.49
|
92.66
|
83.69
|
98.12
|
|
(0.53)
|
(0.69)
|
(0.82)
|
(0.72)
|
(0.71)
|
(0.77)
|
(0.38)
|
Importer (%)
|
2.37
|
2.78
|
1.72
|
2.85
|
1.56
|
2.98
|
1.26
|
|
(0.25)
|
(0.35)
|
(0.35)
|
(0.35)
|
(0.34)
|
(0.35)
|
(0.31)
|
Exporter (%)
|
2.90
|
3.37
|
2.15
|
3.30
|
2.22
|
3.41
|
1.96
|
|
(0.28)
|
(0.39)
|
(0.39)
|
(0.38)
|
(0.40)
|
(0.38)
|
(0.39)
|
Shift operation (%)
|
4.85
|
5.01
|
4.59
|
5.71
|
3.41
|
5.52
|
3.61
|
|
(0.36)
|
(0.47)
|
(0.56)
|
(0.49)
|
(0.49)
|
(0.47)
|
(0.52)
|
Production employees
|
5.12
|
5.85
|
3.98
|
5.99
|
3.68
|
6.01
|
3.51
|
|
(0.13)
|
(0.19)
|
(0.16)
|
(0.19)
|
(0.15)
|
(0.18)
|
(0.16)
|
Other employees
|
1.04
|
1.10
|
0.93
|
1.12
|
0.89
|
1.15
|
0.83
|
|
(0.03)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
Apprentices
|
3.71
|
3.44
|
4.13
|
3.40
|
4.23
|
3.34
|
4.39
|
|
(0.07)
|
(0.09)
|
(0.12)
|
(0.09)
|
(0.13)
|
(0.09)
|
(0.13)
|
Bank account (%)
|
45.14
|
45.04
|
45.30
|
45.72
|
44.18
|
46.44
|
42.78
|
|
(0.83)
|
(1.06)
|
(1.33)
|
(1.05)
|
(1.35)
|
(1.04)
|
(1.39)
|
Insurance policy (%)
|
6.93
|
8.06
|
5.16
|
8.21
|
4.82
|
8.68
|
3.77
|
|
(0.42)
|
(0.58)
|
(0.59)
|
(0.58)
|
(0.58)
|
(0.58)
|
(0.53)
|
Capital intensity
|
6.59
|
6.69
|
6.42
|
6.68
|
6.43
|
6.68
|
6.41
|
|
(0.03)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.04)
|
(0.03)
|
(0.04)
|
Firm location
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accra
|
38.90
|
40.76
|
35.99
|
40.72
|
35.88
|
40.31
|
36.34
|
|
(0.81)
|
(1.05)
|
(1.29)
|
(1.04)
|
(1.31)
|
(1.02)
|
(1.35)
|
Tema
|
9.83
|
11.20
|
7.67
|
11.33
|
7.34
|
11.39
|
6.99
|
|
(0.50)
|
(0.67)
|
(0.71)
|
(0.67)
|
(0.71)
|
(0.66)
|
(0.71)
|
Kumasi
|
38.99
|
41.44
|
35.13
|
41.03
|
35.58
|
41.61
|
34.22
|
|
(0.81)
|
(1.05)
|
(1.28)
|
(1.04)
|
(1.30)
|
(1.02)
|
(1.33)
|
Sekondi-Takoradi
|
12.28
|
6.60
|
21.22
|
6.91
|
21.20
|
6.69
|
22.45
|
|
(0.55)
|
(0.53)
|
(1.10)
|
(0.54)
|
(1.11)
|
(0.52)
|
(1.17)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
2,196
|
1,395
|
2,242
|
1,349
|
2,317
|
1,274
|
Standard errors in parentheses
Table 3: Average productivity across sectors and years
SECTOR
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
2015
|
Full
|
All firms
|
4.0219
|
3.8509
|
3.7571
|
3.8605
|
3.7213
|
3.8415
|
|
(0.0957)
|
(0.0946)
|
(0.0956)
|
(0.0960)
|
(0.0980)
|
(0.0429)
|
Food and beverages
|
4.5113
|
4.5207
|
4.4121
|
4.5686
|
4.4328
|
4.4891
|
|
(0.1089)
|
(0.1082)
|
(0.1337)
|
(0.1100)
|
(0.1051)
|
(0.0507)
|
Textile and apparel
|
3.3739
|
3.1502
|
3.0321
|
3.1076
|
2.9228
|
3.1161
|
|
(0.0479)
|
(0.0459)
|
(0.0433)
|
(0.0442)
|
(0.0462)
|
(0.0206)
|
Wood and wood products
|
8.9396
|
8.7805
|
8.8640
|
9.0134
|
9.0123
|
8.9229
|
|
(0.1598)
|
(0.1629)
|
(0.1614)
|
(0.1507)
|
(0.1493)
|
(0.0699)
|
Coke and refined petroleum
|
-3.9612
|
-3.7943
|
-3.7833
|
-3.4807
|
-3.8470
|
-3.7693
|
|
(0.4968)
|
(0.5657)
|
(0.5561)
|
(0.7069)
|
(0.6098)
|
(0.2572)
|
Basic metals
|
8.2107
|
7.8342
|
7.8852
|
7.9469
|
7.8068
|
7.9368
|
|
(0.1845)
|
(0.2545)
|
(0.1897)
|
(0.2638)
|
(0.2728)
|
(0.1046)
|
Computer, electronic and optics
|
10.2655
|
10.0339
|
9.9520
|
9.6693
|
9.8574
|
9.9511
|
|
(0.5274)
|
(0.4392)
|
(0.5197)
|
(0.5490)
|
(0.5477)
|
(0.2260)
|
Furniture
|
1.1138
|
0.8969
|
0.9105
|
0.7979
|
0.7991
|
0.9056
|
|
(0.1093)
|
(0.1504)
|
(0.1255)
|
(0.1220)
|
(0.1588)
|
(0.0600)
|
Other
|
1.8902
|
1.9510
|
1.9077
|
2.0875
|
1.9395
|
1.9564
|
|
(0.7635)
|
(0.4664)
|
(0.4410)
|
(0.4400)
|
(0.4475)
|
(0.2222)
|
Standard errors in parentheses
Table 4: Results of regression of TFP and any female ownership
|
Mean
|
10th Quantile
|
50th Quantile
|
90th Quantile
|
VARIABLES
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
(8)
|
- No controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.6648***
|
-0.1679**
|
2.0468***
|
0.5031***
|
-0.0591
|
-0.0012
|
-3.6660***
|
-0.7535***
|
|
(0.1673)
|
(0.0814)
|
(0.5141)
|
(0.1440)
|
(0.0603)
|
(0.0543)
|
(0.7065)
|
(0.2234)
|
Constant
|
4.2702***
|
4.1385***
|
0.7297*
|
1.2818***
|
3.7593***
|
3.7386***
|
9.5300***
|
8.4883***
|
|
(0.1877)
|
(0.1642)
|
(0.4156)
|
(0.3524)
|
(0.1056)
|
(0.1030)
|
(0.4721)
|
(0.4801)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0172
|
0.6743
|
0.0391
|
0.5085
|
0.0124
|
0.3344
|
0.0561
|
0.5876
|
- Other controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.6308***
|
-0.2292***
|
1.9727***
|
0.4338***
|
-0.0253
|
-0.0279
|
-3.5941***
|
-0.8771***
|
|
(0.1655)
|
(0.0840)
|
(0.4915)
|
(0.1646)
|
(0.0570)
|
(0.0522)
|
(0.7091)
|
(0.2079)
|
Age of firm
|
0.0230**
|
0.0024
|
0.0057
|
-0.0149*
|
0.0095***
|
-0.0007
|
0.0312**
|
-0.0143
|
|
(0.0104)
|
(0.0044)
|
(0.0096)
|
(0.0078)
|
(0.0032)
|
(0.0025)
|
(0.0156)
|
(0.0104)
|
Sole proprietor
|
-0.6612
|
-0.1301
|
0.6287*
|
0.1472
|
-0.4048***
|
-0.2386***
|
-2.3412***
|
-0.1494
|
|
(0.4077)
|
(0.1523)
|
(0.3728)
|
(0.2497)
|
(0.0913)
|
(0.0765)
|
(0.6878)
|
(0.3634)
|
Importer
|
-0.4130
|
0.3129
|
-1.1618
|
-0.6428
|
0.0021
|
0.1229
|
-3.1778***
|
-1.9823**
|
|
(1.0683)
|
(0.3991)
|
(1.0064)
|
(0.5561)
|
(0.2052)
|
(0.1670)
|
(1.0813)
|
(0.7917)
|
Exporter
|
0.2495
|
0.1606
|
-0.2925
|
-0.3155
|
0.1643
|
0.2313
|
0.3658
|
-0.7734
|
|
(0.6875)
|
(0.2667)
|
(0.6394)
|
(0.4191)
|
(0.1631)
|
(0.1493)
|
(0.8620)
|
(0.6706)
|
Shift operations
|
-0.2868
|
0.0611
|
0.2007
|
-0.1633
|
0.4551***
|
0.1875*
|
-2.8311***
|
-0.9556***
|
|
(0.4713)
|
(0.2042)
|
(0.4800)
|
(0.3428)
|
(0.1298)
|
(0.0987)
|
(0.7162)
|
(0.2947)
|
Production employees
|
-0.0193
|
-0.0206**
|
0.0023
|
-0.0178
|
0.0068
|
-0.0048
|
-0.0720***
|
-0.0101
|
|
(0.0241)
|
(0.0103)
|
(0.0178)
|
(0.0129)
|
(0.0048)
|
(0.0037)
|
(0.0275)
|
(0.0150)
|
Other employees
|
0.1111
|
0.0725
|
-0.1325
|
-0.0280
|
-0.0274
|
-0.0268*
|
0.7363***
|
0.4305***
|
|
(0.1257)
|
(0.0525)
|
(0.0896)
|
(0.0505)
|
(0.0199)
|
(0.0140)
|
(0.1866)
|
(0.1152)
|
Apprentices
|
-0.0671***
|
-0.0144*
|
0.0175
|
0.0131
|
-0.0422***
|
-0.0050
|
-0.1328***
|
0.0023
|
|
(0.0166)
|
(0.0077)
|
(0.0231)
|
(0.0178)
|
(0.0070)
|
(0.0058)
|
(0.0366)
|
(0.0169)
|
Bank account
|
0.3010
|
0.3257***
|
-0.4642**
|
0.1542
|
0.1246**
|
0.1184**
|
0.9767***
|
0.8431***
|
|
(0.1910)
|
(0.0818)
|
(0.2277)
|
(0.1425)
|
(0.0563)
|
(0.0482)
|
(0.3365)
|
(0.2336)
|
Insurance policy
|
-0.2496
|
-0.1018
|
0.0922
|
0.1869
|
0.1260
|
0.0249
|
-0.8578
|
-0.2206
|
|
(0.5637)
|
(0.2360)
|
(0.4825)
|
(0.3516)
|
(0.1176)
|
(0.0913)
|
(0.6072)
|
(0.4024)
|
Capital intensity
|
-0.0811
|
-0.1735***
|
-0.2883***
|
-0.3227***
|
-0.1147***
|
-0.1730***
|
-0.0293
|
-0.1447**
|
|
(0.0741)
|
(0.0302)
|
(0.0905)
|
(0.0841)
|
(0.0197)
|
(0.0191)
|
(0.0915)
|
(0.0698)
|
Constant
|
5.2870***
|
5.3352***
|
2.3241***
|
3.5283***
|
4.8144***
|
5.0987***
|
11.5338***
|
9.1791***
|
|
(0.6218)
|
(0.2901)
|
(0.7563)
|
(0.6818)
|
(0.2150)
|
(0.1969)
|
(1.1106)
|
(0.7644)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0548
|
0.6895
|
0.0604
|
0.5194
|
0.0586
|
0.3620
|
0.1072
|
0.5988
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Ind.-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
City-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 5: Results of regression of TFP and at least 50% female ownership
|
Mean
|
10th Quantile
|
50th Quantile
|
90th Quantile
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
(8)
|
- No controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.6480***
|
-0.1938**
|
2.1393***
|
0.4999***
|
-0.1146**
|
-0.0596
|
-3.7255***
|
-0.8114***
|
|
(0.1668)
|
(0.0810)
|
(0.4942)
|
(0.1525)
|
(0.0573)
|
(0.0586)
|
(0.7473)
|
(0.2031)
|
Constant
|
4.2568***
|
4.1457***
|
0.7200*
|
1.2884***
|
3.7779***
|
3.7588***
|
9.5106***
|
8.5002***
|
|
(0.1863)
|
(0.1640)
|
(0.3747)
|
(0.3194)
|
(0.1065)
|
(0.1021)
|
(0.5072)
|
(0.5100)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0164
|
0.6746
|
0.0419
|
0.5084
|
0.0132
|
0.3347
|
0.0573
|
0.5878
|
- Other controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.5824***
|
-0.2445***
|
2.0333***
|
0.4235**
|
-0.0429
|
-0.0685
|
-3.5814***
|
-0.9135***
|
|
(0.1586)
|
(0.0814)
|
(0.4883)
|
(0.1676)
|
(0.0597)
|
(0.0520)
|
(0.7018)
|
(0.2085)
|
Age of firm
|
0.0234**
|
0.0025
|
0.0049
|
-0.0151*
|
0.0095***
|
-0.0007
|
0.0329**
|
-0.0140
|
|
(0.0104)
|
(0.0044)
|
(0.0100)
|
(0.0079)
|
(0.0032)
|
(0.0025)
|
(0.0157)
|
(0.0097)
|
Sole proprietor
|
-0.5881
|
-0.1016
|
0.3846
|
0.0937
|
-0.4005***
|
-0.2349***
|
-1.9054***
|
-0.0407
|
|
(0.4054)
|
(0.1495)
|
(0.3687)
|
(0.2288)
|
(0.1009)
|
(0.0768)
|
(0.6415)
|
(0.3793)
|
Importer
|
-0.4095
|
0.3153
|
-1.1643
|
-0.6489
|
0.0015
|
0.1217
|
-3.1688***
|
-1.9722**
|
|
(1.0790)
|
(0.4003)
|
(1.0988)
|
(0.6400)
|
(0.2084)
|
(0.1687)
|
(1.1565)
|
(0.7860)
|
Exporter
|
0.2592
|
0.1639
|
-0.3133
|
-0.3221
|
0.1638
|
0.2312*
|
0.4095
|
-0.7607
|
|
(0.6895)
|
(0.2677)
|
(0.6711)
|
(0.4382)
|
(0.1680)
|
(0.1392)
|
(0.8529)
|
(0.7040)
|
Shift operations
|
-0.3394
|
0.0407
|
0.3700
|
-0.1295
|
0.4526***
|
0.1801*
|
-3.1368***
|
-1.0311***
|
|
(0.4761)
|
(0.2039)
|
(0.4369)
|
(0.3314)
|
(0.1394)
|
(0.1023)
|
(0.7532)
|
(0.3164)
|
Production employees
|
-0.0190
|
-0.0209**
|
0.0029
|
-0.0178
|
0.0066
|
-0.0052
|
-0.0722***
|
-0.0108
|
|
(0.0240)
|
(0.0102)
|
(0.0177)
|
(0.0137)
|
(0.0047)
|
(0.0037)
|
(0.0264)
|
(0.0158)
|
Other employees
|
0.1128
|
0.0737
|
-0.1400
|
-0.0294
|
-0.0271
|
-0.0257*
|
0.7488***
|
0.4346***
|
|
(0.1260)
|
(0.0525)
|
(0.0929)
|
(0.0553)
|
(0.0198)
|
(0.0145)
|
(0.1819)
|
(0.1236)
|
Apprentices
|
-0.0674***
|
-0.0143*
|
0.0170
|
0.0131
|
-0.0421***
|
-0.0048
|
-0.1327***
|
0.0026
|
|
(0.0166)
|
(0.0077)
|
(0.0243)
|
(0.0177)
|
(0.0067)
|
(0.0060)
|
(0.0362)
|
(0.0172)
|
Bank account
|
0.2943
|
0.3245***
|
-0.4517**
|
0.1587
|
0.1251**
|
0.1205**
|
0.9491***
|
0.8373***
|
|
(0.1909)
|
(0.0815)
|
(0.2277)
|
(0.1391)
|
(0.0591)
|
(0.0494)
|
(0.3103)
|
(0.2577)
|
Insurance policy
|
-0.2381
|
-0.0974
|
0.0543
|
0.1777
|
0.1267
|
0.0247
|
-0.7900
|
-0.2032
|
|
(0.5665)
|
(0.2362)
|
(0.5025)
|
(0.3900)
|
(0.1267)
|
(0.0878)
|
(0.5974)
|
(0.4421)
|
Capital intensity
|
-0.0791
|
-0.1734***
|
-0.2914***
|
-0.3233***
|
-0.1149***
|
-0.1734***
|
-0.0221
|
-0.1441**
|
|
(0.0741)
|
(0.0302)
|
(0.0882)
|
(0.0817)
|
(0.0206)
|
(0.0188)
|
(0.1002)
|
(0.0733)
|
Constant
|
5.1850***
|
5.3125***
|
2.5601***
|
3.5874***
|
4.8178***
|
5.1120***
|
11.0566***
|
9.0832***
|
|
(0.6172)
|
(0.2854)
|
(0.8212)
|
(0.6709)
|
(0.2177)
|
(0.2140)
|
(1.0545)
|
(0.7714)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0527
|
0.6897
|
0.0618
|
0.5194
|
0.0587
|
0.3623
|
0.1060
|
0.5990
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Ind.-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
City-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 6: Results of regression of TFP and full female ownership
|
Mean
|
10th Quantile
|
50th Quantile
|
90th Quantile
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
(8)
|
- No controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.6954***
|
-0.2098**
|
2.1064***
|
0.4712***
|
-0.1968***
|
-0.1086*
|
-3.7256***
|
-0.8002***
|
|
(0.1641)
|
(0.0817)
|
(0.5265)
|
(0.1515)
|
(0.0641)
|
(0.0605)
|
(0.7633)
|
(0.1929)
|
Constant
|
4.2625***
|
4.1482***
|
0.7622*
|
1.3052***
|
3.8035***
|
3.7742***
|
9.4562***
|
8.4846***
|
|
(0.1840)
|
(0.1633)
|
(0.4018)
|
(0.3195)
|
(0.1108)
|
(0.1087)
|
(0.4984)
|
(0.4653)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0179
|
0.6747
|
0.0396
|
0.5082
|
0.0153
|
0.3352
|
0.0555
|
0.5877
|
- Other controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.5693***
|
-0.2366***
|
1.9808***
|
0.3978***
|
-0.0821
|
-0.0924*
|
-3.4022***
|
-0.8607***
|
|
(0.1565)
|
(0.0813)
|
(0.4387)
|
(0.1528)
|
(0.0601)
|
(0.0557)
|
(0.7036)
|
(0.2137)
|
Age of firm
|
0.0237**
|
0.0026
|
0.0039
|
-0.0153**
|
0.0095***
|
-0.0006
|
0.0346**
|
-0.0136
|
|
(0.0104)
|
(0.0044)
|
(0.0097)
|
(0.0075)
|
(0.0032)
|
(0.0025)
|
(0.0173)
|
(0.0094)
|
Sole proprietor
|
-0.4726
|
-0.0509
|
-0.0168
|
0.0085
|
-0.3808***
|
-0.2148***
|
-1.2224**
|
0.1437
|
|
(0.4138)
|
(0.1505)
|
(0.3766)
|
(0.2374)
|
(0.0979)
|
(0.0749)
|
(0.6172)
|
(0.3798)
|
Importer
|
-0.3949
|
0.3198
|
-1.2159
|
-0.6569
|
0.0021
|
0.1223
|
-3.0767***
|
-1.9548**
|
|
(1.0810)
|
(0.4021)
|
(1.0297)
|
(0.5940)
|
(0.2149)
|
(0.1698)
|
(1.0888)
|
(0.8561)
|
Exporter
|
0.2395
|
0.1548
|
-0.2446
|
-0.3070
|
0.1590
|
0.2274
|
0.2959
|
-0.7934
|
|
(0.6926)
|
(0.2666)
|
(0.6304)
|
(0.4047)
|
(0.1605)
|
(0.1408)
|
(0.9348)
|
(0.7185)
|
Shift operations
|
-0.3244
|
0.0520
|
0.3176
|
-0.1501
|
0.4538***
|
0.1811*
|
-3.0449***
|
-0.9868***
|
|
(0.4749)
|
(0.2041)
|
(0.4867)
|
(0.3364)
|
(0.1349)
|
(0.1037)
|
(0.8164)
|
(0.3120)
|
Production employees
|
-0.0176
|
-0.0201**
|
-0.0018
|
-0.0192
|
0.0065
|
-0.0051
|
-0.0634**
|
-0.0078
|
|
(0.0239)
|
(0.0101)
|
(0.0177)
|
(0.0124)
|
(0.0048)
|
(0.0037)
|
(0.0274)
|
(0.0162)
|
Other employees
|
0.1140
|
0.0737
|
-0.1442
|
-0.0290
|
-0.0265
|
-0.0251*
|
0.7550***
|
0.4339***
|
|
(0.1264)
|
(0.0526)
|
(0.0969)
|
(0.0572)
|
(0.0203)
|
(0.0147)
|
(0.1983)
|
(0.1206)
|
Apprentices
|
-0.0666***
|
-0.0140*
|
0.0142
|
0.0126
|
-0.0417***
|
-0.0046
|
-0.1285***
|
0.0036
|
|
(0.0166)
|
(0.0077)
|
(0.0226)
|
(0.0181)
|
(0.0071)
|
(0.0061)
|
(0.0379)
|
(0.0174)
|
Bank account
|
0.2871
|
0.3214***
|
-0.4260*
|
0.1647
|
0.1257**
|
0.1209**
|
0.9015***
|
0.8245***
|
|
(0.1906)
|
(0.0811)
|
(0.2295)
|
(0.1454)
|
(0.0560)
|
(0.0472)
|
(0.3163)
|
(0.2458)
|
Insurance policy
|
-0.2496
|
-0.1014
|
0.0943
|
0.1843
|
0.1254
|
0.0226
|
-0.8596
|
-0.2175
|
|
(0.5689)
|
(0.2375)
|
(0.5422)
|
(0.3835)
|
(0.1255)
|
(0.0871)
|
(0.6103)
|
(0.4404)
|
Capital intensity
|
-0.0771
|
-0.1724***
|
-0.2987***
|
-0.3250***
|
-0.1152***
|
-0.1732***
|
-0.0083
|
-0.1403**
|
|
(0.0740)
|
(0.0301)
|
(0.0926)
|
(0.0817)
|
(0.0211)
|
(0.0183)
|
(0.1024)
|
(0.0660)
|
Constant
|
5.0434***
|
5.2490***
|
3.0541***
|
3.6992***
|
4.8132***
|
5.0984***
|
10.1740***
|
8.8424***
|
|
(0.6077)
|
(0.2793)
|
(0.7365)
|
(0.7106)
|
(0.2062)
|
(0.2124)
|
(0.9986)
|
(0.7328)
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
3,591
|
R-squared
|
0.0516
|
0.6895
|
0.0581
|
0.5192
|
0.0591
|
0.3625
|
0.0984
|
0.5986
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Ind.-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
City-Year FE
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 7: Gender decomposition of total factor productivity
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
VARIABLES
|
Mean
|
Q10
|
Q50
|
Q90
|
- Any female ownership
|
|
|
|
Male-owned
|
4.0637***
|
0.7542***
|
3.3428***
|
8.9378***
|
|
(0.0665)
|
(0.0824)
|
(0.0481)
|
(0.1069)
|
Female-owned
|
3.4158***
|
2.0745***
|
3.2736***
|
5.0480***
|
|
(0.0410)
|
(0.0400)
|
(0.0406)
|
(0.0791)
|
Difference
|
0.6479***
|
-1.3202***
|
0.0692
|
3.8898***
|
|
(0.0781)
|
(0.0916)
|
(0.0629)
|
(0.1329)
|
Composition effect
|
0.4630***
|
-1.0081***
|
0.0333
|
1.2865***
|
|
(0.0699)
|
(0.0932)
|
(0.0533)
|
(0.1196)
|
Structural effect
|
0.1848***
|
-0.3121***
|
0.0360
|
2.6033***
|
|
(0.0564)
|
(0.0798)
|
(0.0681)
|
(0.1129)
|
% due to structural effect
|
28.5
|
23.6
|
52.0
|
66.9
|
- 50% female ownership
|
|
|
|
Male-owned
|
4.0491***
|
0.7359***
|
3.3681***
|
8.9407***
|
|
(0.0665)
|
(0.0834)
|
(0.0481)
|
(0.1069)
|
Female-owned
|
3.4180***
|
2.0916***
|
3.2491***
|
4.9902***
|
|
(0.0360)
|
(0.0387)
|
(0.0401)
|
(0.0797)
|
Difference
|
0.6311***
|
-1.3557***
|
0.1189*
|
3.9505***
|
|
(0.0756)
|
(0.0920)
|
(0.0626)
|
(0.1333)
|
Composition effect
|
0.4260***
|
-1.1017***
|
0.0390
|
1.3516***
|
|
(0.0682)
|
(0.0894)
|
(0.0539)
|
(0.1183)
|
Structural effect
|
0.2051***
|
-0.2540***
|
0.0800
|
2.5989***
|
|
(0.0545)
|
(0.0763)
|
(0.0685)
|
(0.1112)
|
% due to structural effect
|
32.5
|
18.7
|
67.3
|
65.8
|
- Full female ownership
|
|
|
|
Male-owned
|
4.0503***
|
0.7606***
|
3.4001***
|
8.9010***
|
|
(0.0647)
|
(0.0829)
|
(0.0469)
|
(0.1061)
|
Female-owned
|
3.3787***
|
2.0950***
|
3.2082***
|
4.9618***
|
|
(0.0360)
|
(0.0383)
|
(0.0401)
|
(0.0859)
|
Difference
|
0.6715***
|
-1.3344***
|
0.1919***
|
3.9393***
|
|
(0.0740)
|
(0.0913)
|
(0.0617)
|
(0.1365)
|
Composition effect
|
0.4809***
|
-1.1456***
|
0.1389**
|
1.4771***
|
|
(0.0671)
|
(0.0917)
|
(0.0539)
|
(0.1230)
|
Structural effect
|
0.1906***
|
-0.1888**
|
0.0530
|
2.4622***
|
|
(0.0543)
|
(0.0792)
|
(0.0686)
|
(0.1204)
|
% due to structural effect
|
28.4
|
14.1
|
27.6
|
62.5
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10
Table 8: Distribution of firms across sectors
|
|
Any female
|
50% Female
|
Full female
|
VARIABLES
|
Mean
|
Male
|
Female
|
Male
|
Female
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food and beverages
|
13.28
|
9.24
|
19.64
|
9.63
|
19.35
|
10.75
|
17.90
|
|
(0.57)
|
(0.62)
|
(1.06)
|
(0.62)
|
(1.08)
|
(0.64)
|
(1.07)
|
Textiles and wearing apparel
|
61.04
|
50.91
|
76.99
|
50.76
|
78.13
|
50.54
|
80.14
|
|
(0.81)
|
(1.07)
|
(1.13)
|
(1.06)
|
(1.13)
|
(1.04)
|
(1.12)
|
Wood and wood products
|
9.52
|
14.89
|
1.08
|
14.81
|
0.74
|
14.54
|
0.39
|
|
(0.49)
|
(0.76)
|
(0.28)
|
(0.75)
|
(0.23)
|
(0.73)
|
(0.18)
|
Coke and refine petroleum
|
1.48
|
2.05
|
0.57
|
2.36
|
0.00
|
2.29
|
0.00
|
|
(0.20)
|
(0.30)
|
(0.20)
|
(0.32)
|
(0.00)
|
(0.31)
|
(0.00)
|
Basic metals
|
2.92
|
4.33
|
0.72
|
4.24
|
0.74
|
4.10
|
0.78
|
|
(0.28)
|
(0.43)
|
(0.23)
|
(0.43)
|
(0.23)
|
(0.41)
|
(0.25)
|
Computer, electronic and optics
|
1.78
|
2.91
|
0.00
|
2.85
|
0.00
|
2.76
|
0.00
|
|
(0.22)
|
(0.36)
|
(0.00)
|
(0.35)
|
(0.00)
|
(0.34)
|
(0.00)
|
Furniture
|
8.60
|
13.66
|
0.65
|
13.38
|
0.67
|
13.12
|
0.39
|
|
(0.47)
|
(0.73)
|
(0.21)
|
(0.72)
|
(0.22)
|
(0.70)
|
(0.18)
|
Other
|
1.36
|
2.00
|
0.36
|
1.96
|
0.37
|
1.90
|
0.39
|
|
(0.19)
|
(0.30)
|
(0.16)
|
(0.29)
|
(0.17)
|
(0.28)
|
(0.18)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
3,591
|
2,196
|
1,395
|
2,242
|
1,349
|
2,317
|
1,274
|
Standard errors in parentheses
Table 9: Relative gender gaps in total productivity factor in food and beverages
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
VARIABLES
|
Mean
|
10th Percentile
|
50th Percentile
|
90th Percentile
|
Any female
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.0391
|
-0.2240
|
0.1079
|
-0.1232
|
|
(0.2065)
|
(0.1637)
|
(0.1342)
|
(0.3768)
|
Constant
|
4.8975***
|
4.3918***
|
4.3764***
|
5.8489***
|
|
(0.5458)
|
(0.6340)
|
(0.4262)
|
(1.1155)
|
Observations
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
R-squared
|
0.1820
|
0.1045
|
0.1663
|
0.1403
|
50% female ownership
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.1573
|
-0.3063*
|
-0.0184
|
-0.2372
|
|
(0.2012)
|
(0.1711)
|
(0.1202)
|
(0.4983)
|
Constant
|
4.9926***
|
4.4238***
|
4.5039***
|
5.9258***
|
|
(0.5226)
|
(0.6326)
|
(0.4344)
|
(1.1088)
|
Observations
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
R-squared
|
0.1855
|
0.1075
|
0.1645
|
0.1415
|
Full female ownership
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.0846
|
-0.2032
|
0.0305
|
0.0126
|
|
(0.2144)
|
(0.1724)
|
(0.1205)
|
(0.3723)
|
Constant
|
4.8994***
|
4.2618***
|
4.4728***
|
5.7150***
|
|
(0.5159)
|
(0.6414)
|
(0.4312)
|
(1.0851)
|
Observations
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
477
|
R-squared
|
0.1828
|
0.1037
|
0.1646
|
0.1399
|
Other controls
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City-Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 10: Relative gender gaps in total productivity factor in textiles and wearing apparel
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
VARIABLES
|
Mean
|
10th Percentile
|
50th Percentile
|
90th Percentile
|
Any female
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.0490
|
0.0114
|
-0.0215
|
-0.0153
|
|
(0.0816)
|
(0.0604)
|
(0.0440)
|
(0.1003)
|
Constant
|
5.3451***
|
4.2473***
|
5.2941***
|
7.1898***
|
|
(0.3548)
|
(0.3297)
|
(0.2215)
|
(0.5561)
|
Observations
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
R-squared
|
0.2293
|
0.1396
|
0.1986
|
0.1055
|
50% female ownership
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.0732
|
0.0051
|
-0.0415
|
-0.0776
|
|
(0.0807)
|
(0.0627)
|
(0.0436)
|
(0.1048)
|
Constant
|
5.3475***
|
4.2522***
|
5.2995***
|
7.2158***
|
|
(0.3490)
|
(0.3366)
|
(0.2157)
|
(0.5525)
|
Observations
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
R-squared
|
0.2300
|
0.1396
|
0.1989
|
0.1058
|
Full female ownership
|
|
|
|
Female-owned
|
-0.1035
|
0.0096
|
-0.0774*
|
-0.1206
|
|
(0.0829)
|
(0.0607)
|
(0.0430)
|
(0.1087)
|
Constant
|
5.3292***
|
4.2532***
|
5.2919***
|
7.1979***
|
|
(0.3422)
|
(0.3200)
|
(0.2203)
|
(0.6054)
|
Observations
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
2,192
|
R-squared
|
0.2311
|
0.1396
|
0.1997
|
0.1061
|
Other controls
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
City-Year FE
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1