1 Masiero, S. et al. The role of thermal balneotherapy in the treatment of obese patient with knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Biometeorology 62, 243-252, doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1445-7 (2018).
2 Scanzello, C. R. & Goldring, S. R. The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Bone 51, 249-257, doi:10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.012 (2012).
3 Kapoor, M., Martel-Pelletier, J., Lajeunesse, D., Pelletier, J. P. & Fahmi, H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 7, 33-42, doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.196 (2011).
4 Hsu, H. & Siwiec, R. M. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing
Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2021).
5 Magnusson, K., Turkiewicz, A. & Englund, M. Nature vs nurture in knee osteoarthritis - the importance of age, sex and body mass index. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 27, 586-592, doi:10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.018 (2019).
6 Li, J. S. et al. Weight loss changed gait kinematics in individuals with obesity and knee pain. Gait Posture 68, 461-465, doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.031 (2019).
7 Martel-Pelletier, J. et al. A new decision tree for diagnosis of osteoarthritis in primary care: international consensus of experts. Aging Clin Exp Res 31, 19-30, doi:10.1007/s40520-018-1077-8 (2019).
8 Aweid, O., Haider, Z., Saed, A. & Kalairajah, Y. Treatment modalities for hip and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of safety. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 26, 2309499018808669, doi:10.1177/2309499018808669 (2018).
9 Jevsevar, D. S. Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence-Based Guideline, 2nd Edition. JAAOS - Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 21 (2013).
10 Fransen, M. et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a Cochrane systematic review. Br J Sports Med 49, 1554-1557, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095424 (2015).
11 Hammer, N. M., Bieler, T., Beyer, N. & Midtgaard, J. The impact of self-efficacy on physical activity maintenance in patients with hip osteoarthritis - a mixed methods study. Disabil Rehabil 38, 1691-1704, doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1107642 (2016).
12 Zhang, W. et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: part III: Changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 18, 476-499, doi:10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.013 (2010).
13 Jevsevar, D. S. et al. Mixed Treatment Comparisons for Nonsurgical Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Network Meta-analysis. JAAOS - Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 26, 325-336, doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00318 (2018).
14 da Costa, B. R. et al. Effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 390, e21-e33, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31744-0 (2017).
15 Adatia, A., Rainsford, K. D. & Kean, W. F. Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Part II: therapy with ibuprofen and a review of clinical trials. J Pharm Pharmacol 64, 626-636, doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01456.x (2012).
16 Wolff, D. G., Christophersen, C., Brown, S. M. & Mulcahey, M. K. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Sportsmed, 1-11, doi:10.1080/00913847.2021.1886573 (2021).
17 Derry, S., Conaghan, P., Da Silva, J. A., Wiffen, P. J. & Moore, R. A. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, Cd007400, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3 (2016).
18 Rodriguez-Merchan, E. C. Topical therapies for knee osteoarthritis. Postgrad Med 130, 607-612, doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1505182 (2018).
19 Baker, K. G., Robertson, V. J. & Duck, F. A. A review of therapeutic ultrasound: biophysical effects. Phys Ther 81, 1351-1358 (2001).
20 Aiyer, R. et al. Therapeutic Ultrasound for Chronic Pain Management in Joints: A Systematic Review. Pain Medicine 21, 1437-1448, doi:10.1093/pm/pnz102 (2019).
21 Souza, J., Meira, A., Volpato, N. M., Mayorga, P. & Gottfried, C. Effect of Phonophoresis on Skin Permeation of Commercial Anti-inflammatory Gels: Sodium Diclofenac and Ketoprofen. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 39, 1623-1630, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.02.009 (2013).
22 Yildiz, N. et al. Comparison of ultrasound and ketoprofen phonophoresis in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 24, 39-47, doi:10.3233/bmr-2011-0273 (2011).
23 Deshpande, M. M. & Patil, C. B. Heel pain and phonophoresis. J Indian Med Assoc 108, 365 (2010).
24 Ay, S., Doğan, S. K., Evcik, D. & Başer, O. C. Comparison the efficacy of phonophoresis and ultrasound therapy in myofascial pain syndrome. Rheumatol Int 31, 1203-1208, doi:10.1007/s00296-010-1419-0 (2011).
25 Vlak, T. [Comparative study of the efficacy of ultrasound and sonophoresis in the treatment of painful shouder syndrome]. Reumatizam 46, 5-11 (1999).
26 Wu, Y. et al. Effects of therapeutic ultrasound for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation 33, 1863-1875, doi:10.1177/0269215519866494 (2019).
27 Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 151, 264-269, w264, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 (2009).
28 Wewers, M. E. & Lowe, N. K. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health 13, 227-236, doi:10.1002/nur.4770130405 (1990).
29 Gandek, B. Measurement properties of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 67, 216-229, doi:10.1002/acr.22415 (2015).
30 Gajdosik, R. L. & Bohannon, R. W. Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Phys Ther 67, 1867-1872, doi:10.1093/ptj/67.12.1867 (1987).
31 Enright, P. L. The six-minute walk test. Respir Care 48, 783-785 (2003).
32 Podsiadlo, D. & Richardson, S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39, 142-148, doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x (1991).
33 Higgins, J. P. T. et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343, d5928, doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 (2011).
34 Higgins JPT TJ, C. J., Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. .
35 Melsen, W. G., Bootsma, M. C., Rovers, M. M. & Bonten, M. J. The effects of clinical and statistical heterogeneity on the predictive values of results from meta-analyses. Clin Microbiol Infect 20, 123-129, doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12494 (2014).
36 EndNote v. EndNote X9 (Clarivate P, P., 2013).
37 Said Ahmed, M., Boles Saweeres, E., Abdelkader, N., Abdelmajeed, S. & Fares, A. Improved pain and function in knee osteoarthritis with dexamethasone phonophoresis: a randomized controlled trial. Indian journal of orthopaedics 53, 700‐707, doi:10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_639_18 (2019).
38 Pinkaew, D., Kiattisin, K., Wonglangka, K. & Awoot, P. Phonophoresis of Phyllanthus amarus nanoparticle gel improves functional capacity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.04.013 (2019).
39 Zhao, J. et al. Therapeutic effects of low-frequency phonophoresis with a Chinese herbal medicine versus sodium diclofenac for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of traditional chinese medicine = chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 36, 613‐617, doi:10.1016/s0254-6272(16)30080-2 (2016).
40 Toopchizadeh, V., Javadi, R. & Sadat, B. E. Therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone phonophoresis on symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in elderly women. International journal of women's health and reproduction sciences 2, 168‐177, doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2014.25 (2014).
41 Oktayoglu, P. et al. Comparison of the efficacy of phonophoresis and conventional ultrasound therapy in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. Erciyes tip dergisi 36, 11‐18, doi:10.5152/etd.2013.64 (2014).
42 Luksurapan, W. & Boonhong, J. Effects of phonophoresis of piroxicam and ultrasound on symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 94, 250‐255, doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.09.025 (2013).
43 Boyaci, A., Tutoglu, A., Boyaci, N., Aridici, R. & Koca, I. Comparison of the efficacy of ketoprofen phonophoresis, ultrasound, and short-wave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology international 33, 2811‐2818, doi:10.1007/s00296-013-2815-z (2013).
44 Akinbo, S., Owoeye, O. & Adesegun, S. Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of diclofenac sodium and methyl salicylate phonophoresis in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Turkish journal of rheumatology 26, 111‐119, doi:10.5606/tjr.2011.017 (2011).
45 Kozanoglu, E., Basaran, S., Guzel, R. & Guler-Uysal, F. Short term efficacy of ibuprofen phonophoresis versus continuous ultrasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss medical weekly 133, 333‐338 (2003).
46 Rao, R. & Nanda, S. Sonophoresis: recent advancements and future trends. J Pharm Pharmacol 61, 689-705, doi:10.1211/jpp.61.06.0001 (2009).
47 Robertson, V. J. & Baker, K. G. A review of therapeutic ultrasound: effectiveness studies. Phys Ther 81, 1339-1350 (2001).
48 Srbely, J. Z. Ultrasound in the management of osteoarthritis: part I: a review of the current literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc 52, 30-37 (2008).
49 Byl, N. N. The use of ultrasound as an enhancer for transcutaneous drug delivery: phonophoresis. Phys Ther 75, 539-553, doi:10.1093/ptj/75.6.539 (1995).