Arumugam K, Renganathan S, Babalola OO, Muthunarayanan V (2018) Investigation on paper cup waste degradation by bacterial consortium and Eudrillus eugeine through vermicomposting. Waste Manag 74:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.009
Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP (2017) Instrumental characterization of organic wastes for evaluation of vermicompost maturity. J Anal Sci Technol 8:. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-017-0112-2
Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP (2015) Vermistabilization of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) waste produced from sugar factory using earthworm Eisenia fetida: Genotoxic assessment by Allium cepa test. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11236–11254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4302-4
Bhat SA, Singh S, Singh J, et al (2018) Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms: Vermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture. Bioresour Technol 252:172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.003
Boruah T, Barman A, Kalita P, et al (2019) Vermicomposting of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture employing Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol 294:122147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122147
Boruah T, Deka H (2021) Biological indicators for assessing the maturity of the vermicomposted products of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01228-5
Cai L, Sun X, Hao D, et al (2020) Sugarcane bagasse amendment improves the quality of green waste vermicompost and the growth of Eisenia fetida. Front Environ Sci Eng 14:. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1240-2
Chen G, Zheng Z, Yang S, et al (2010) Experimental co-digestion of corn stalk and vermicompost to improve biogas production. Waste Manag 30:1834–1840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.014
Chen W, He L, Tian S, et al (2020) Combined addition of bovine bone and cow manure: Rapid composting of Chestnut burrs and production of a high-quality chestnut seedling substrate. Agronomy 10:288. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020288
Das D, Deka H (2021) Vermicomposting of harvested waste biomass of potato crop employing Eisenia fetida: changes in nutrient profile and assessment of the maturity of the end products. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13214-z
Ganguly RK, Chakraborty SK (2019) Assessment of qualitative enrichment of organic paper mill wastes through vermicomposting: humification factor and time of maturity. Heliyon 5:e01638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01638
Garcia C, Roldan A, Hernandez T (1997) Changes in microbial activity after abandonment of cultivation in a semiarid mediterranean environment. J Environ Qual 26:285–292. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010040x
Haritha Devi S, Vijayalakshmi K, Pavana Jyotsna K, et al (2009) Comparative assessment in enzyme activities and microbial populations during normal and vermicomposting. J Environ Biol 30:1013–1017
Hoffmann G, Teicher K (1961) A colorimetric technique for determining urease activity in soil. Dung Boden 95:55–63
Hussain N, Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2016) Transformation of the pernicious and toxic weed parthenium into an organic fertilizer by vermicomposting. Int J Environ Stud 73:731–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1185327
Karmegam N, Vijayan P, Prakash M, John Paul JA (2019) Vermicomposting of paper industry sludge with cowdung and green manure plants using Eisenia fetida: A viable option for cleaner and enriched vermicompost production. J Clean Prod 228:718–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.313
Lim PN, Wu TY, Clarke C, Nik Daud NN (2015a) A potential bioconversion of empty fruit bunches into organic fertilizer using Eudrilus eugeniae. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12:2533–2544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0648-2
Lim SL, Wu TY, Lim PN, Shak KPY (2015b) The use of vermicompost in organic farming: Overview, effects on soil and economics. J Sci Food Agric 95:1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6849
Lim SL, Wu TY (2015) Determination of maturity in the vermicompost produced from palm oil mill effluent using spectroscopy, structural characterization and thermogravimetric analysis. Ecol Eng 84:515–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.050
Negi R, Suthar S (2018) Degradation of paper mill wastewater sludge and cow dung by brown-rot fungi Oligoporus placenta and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) during vermicomposting. J Clean Prod 201:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.068
Pandit L, Sethi D, Pattanayak SK, Nayak Y (2020) Bioconversion of ligno-cellulosic organic wastes into nutrient rich vermicompost by Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresour Technol Reports 100580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100580
Patwa A, Parde D, Dohare D, et al (2020) Solid waste characterization and treatment technologies in rural areas: An Indian and international review. Environ Technol Innov 20:101066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101066
Pellejero G, Rodriguez K, Ashchkar G, et al (2020) Onion waste recycling by vermicomposting: nutrients recovery and agronomical assessment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:3289–3296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02685-1
Powell JT, Townsend TG, Zimmerman JB (2016) Estimates of solid waste disposal rates and reduction targets for landfill gas emissions. Nat Clim Chang 6:162–165. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2804
Pramanik P, Ghosh GK, Ghosal PK, Banik P (2007) Changes in organic - C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants. Bioresour Technol 98:2485–2494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.017
Ravindran B, Dinesh SL, Kennedy LJ, Sekaran G (2008) Vermicomposting of solid waste generated from leather industries using epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 151:480–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8222-3
Romero E, Fernández-Bayo J, Díaz JMC, Nogales R (2010) Enzyme activities and diuron persistence in soil amended with vermicompost derived from spent grape marc and treated with urea. Appl Soil Ecol 44:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.12.006
Senthil Kumar D, Satheesh Kumar P, Rajendran NM, et al (2014) Evaluation of vermicompost maturity using scanning electron microscopy and paper chromatography analysis. J Agric Food Chem 62:2738–2741. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4054403
Sharma K, Garg VK (2018) Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). Bioresour Technol 250:708–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.101
Singh R, Singh R, Soni SK, et al (2013) Vermicompost from biodegraded distillation waste improves soil properties and essential oil yield of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) Benth. Appl Soil Ecol 70:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.04.007
Srivastava V, Goel G, Thakur VK, et al (2020) Analysis and advanced characterization of municipal solid waste vermicompost maturity for a green environment. J Environ Manage 255:109914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109914
Sudkolai ST, Nourbakhsh F (2017) Urease activity as an index for assessing the maturity of cow manure and wheat residue vermicomposts. Waste Manag 64:63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.011
Unuofin FO, Mnkeni PNS (2014) Optimization of Eisenia fetida stocking density for the bioconversion of rock phosphate enriched cow dung-waste paper mixtures. Waste Manag 34:2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.018
Usmani Z, Kumar V, Rani R, et al (2019) Changes in physico-chemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters during composting and vermicomposting of coal fly ash: a comparative study. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:4647–4664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1893-6
Wang P, Liu C, Chang J, et al (2019) Effect of physicochemical pretreatments plus enzymatic hydrolysis on the composition and morphologic structure of corn straw. Renew Energy 138:502–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.118
Wang Z, Chen Z, Niu Y, et al (2021) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 214:111994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111994
Yadav A, Suthar S, Garg VK (2015) Dynamics of microbiological parameters, enzymatic activities and worm biomass production during vermicomposting of effluent treatment plant sludge of bakery industry. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:14702–14709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4672-7
Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Maheswaran R (2019) Decomposition of poultry litter through vermicomposting using earthworm Drawida sulcata and its effect on plant growth. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:7241–7254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2083-2
Zbytniewski R, Buszewski B (2005) Characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) derived from sewage sludge compost. Part 2: Multivariate techniques in the study of compost maturation. Bioresour Technol 96:479–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.019