Zhuanggu Guanjie herbal formula mitigates osteoarthritis via NF-κB transduction mechanism in vitro

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-839229/v1

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Zhuanggu Guanjie herbal formula mitigates osteoarthritis via NF-κB transduction mechanism in vitro

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-839229/v1

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Background

Zhuanggu Guanjie herbal formula, a famous Chinese prescription, which is commonly applied for mitigating bone-related problems, clinically. According to the China Pharmacopeia (CP, 2020), this herbal formula includes 12 raw materials, and the major components are Rehmanniae Radix (RR) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF). The anti-osteoarthritis properties of this herbal prescription are well-documented in CP (2020). However, the working mechanism of this ancient herbal formula has not been elucidated. Therefore, we would like to probe the anti-osteoarthritis pharmaceutical values of this ancient herbal prescription.

Materials and methods

The differentiated ATDC5 cells were employed in the following experiments. In the present study, the involvements of cytokine levels and hallmark proteins reflecting inflammatory responses in Zhuanggu Guanjie Capsule (ZGC)-induced differentiated cells were detected by RT-PCR, flow cytometer, western blot and laser confocal assays.

Results

The cytokines and inflammation-specific proteins, i.e. interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin synthesis E2 (PGES-2) were robustly declined after incubating with ZGC for 48 hours, and the attenuation levels were in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ZGC could also block NF-B translocation from cytosol to nucleus and which has been verified by the laser confocal microscope.

Conclusions

The in vitro studies have clarified the anti-osteoarthritis properties of ZGC and the working mechanism involved, and this herbal formula shed light on osteoarthritis treatment.

Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Clinical Pharmacology

Zhuanggu Guanjie capsules

anti-osteoarthritis

inflammation

Osteoarthritis is classified as musculoskeletal degenerative diseases, and which frequently involving chronic pain and joint dysfunctions [1, 2]. Chronic inflammatory responses of the synovial membrane and progressive destruction of the articular cartilage are the indicators of this disease [3]. Cartilage damage triggers synovial inflammation, and chondrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses as a critical factor in the development of osteoarthritis [4]. In fact, pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is still behind veil, myriad studies have documented that inflammatory responses are the key factor for the development of this joint degenerative illness [5]. Therefore, mitigating chondrocyte inflammation plays a important function in reversing or altering the progression of osteoarthritis. The standard treatment for osteoarthritis is applying steroid [6]. However, long term treatment triggers other bone diseases, i.e. osteoporosis, joint deformity and etc [1, 2]. Therefore, people would like to approach traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to alleviate osteoarthritis and in order to improve life quality.

In TCM filed, osteoarthritis commonly classified as Arthralgia Syndrome, which originated from the ancient book “Huangdi Neijing”. Previous studies have documented that TCM mainly via anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis mechanisms to conduct anti-osteoarthritis functions [7]. Rehmanniae Radix (RR) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) are the most commonly utilized Materia Medica to strength kidney and enhance bone, which were firstly recorded in Chinese herbal medicine book, called “Shennong Bencao Jing” [8, 9]. Chen et al. (2014) have elucidated that RR is the most commonly used herbal medicine for musculoskeletal degenerative diseases treatment [10]. Jhun et al. (2018) published RR extract mitigate cartilage degeneration by suppressing metalloproteinase-3 and nitrotyrosine in osteoarthritis rat model joints [11]. Siu et al. (2019) reported that PF extract suppressed inflammatory mediator releases via PI3K/Akt pathway to play the anti-osteoarthritis properties in vitro [12]. Oral administration of PF water extract for 14 days on osteoarthritis rat model, the productions of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were decreased dramatically in plasma as compared with sham group [12].

Multitude transduction pathways have been elucidated to act the indispensable functions in monitoring the progression of osteoarthritis. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transduction mechanism is widely distributed in various type of cells, modulating immune-related responses [13, 14]. Under the normal condition, NF-κB interact with inhibitory kappa-B α (IκBα) in the cytosol [15]. IκBα is the specific inhibitory protein of NF-κB [15]. Once receiving stimulus, IκB kinase is activated by phosphorylating IκB protein, and then stimulating NF-κB translocates from cytosol to nucleus and triggering the target gene expressions, i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin synthesis E2 (PGES-2) [14]. The production of cytokines or inflammatory mediators significantly accelerate the degradation development of extracellular matrix, which further aggravates the progression of osteoarthritis [16, 17].

Zhuanggu Guanjie Capsule (ZGC) contains 12 Materia Medica, and RR and PF are the predominant herbs found within this formula. This herbal formula has been written in China pharmacopoeia (CP, 2020) as the medicinal treatment for osteoarthritis patients [18]. But, the detailed pharmacological mechanisms of ZGC with osteoarthritis-related targets and pathways need to be probe. In the current study, we would like to probe the transcriptional activity of this herbal formula in cultured ATDC5 cells.

ZGC extract preparation

ZGC was purchased from China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, the catalog number was 1912002S. The mixture was resolved in water by sonication [19]. The extracts were dried by lyophilization and stored at - 80 °C at the final concentration at 100mg/mL.

Cell culture

ATDC5 cell was purchased and shipped from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA) and growth in DMEM/F12 medium containing 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum. ATDC5 were incubated at 37 °C incubator with 5% CO₂. Once the cells were 70% confluent, the medium was supplemented with 1% ITS and to induce chondrocyte-like cells. Chondrocyte-like cells were pre-treatment with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1μg/mL) for 24 hours before drug or herbal extract presence. LPS was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).

PI-Annix staining assay

Cells were seeded in 35-mm culture plates and allowed to grow for 24 hours in medium before drug treatment. The Annexin V-FITC/PI Detection kit was employed using flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Briefly, cells were washed by PBS twice and then harvested. Cells were incubated in 100 μL of binding buffer, containing Annexin-V/FITC and propidium iodide (PI), for 15 min at room temperature and kept in dark. The samples were automatically acquired using the loader with acquisition criteria of 10,000 events for each tube, and the quadrants were set according to the population of viable. The results were analyzed using the FlowJo v10.6 software.

Real time PCR

The transcriptional levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected in LPS-stimulated chondrocyte-like cells. After the ZGC treatment for 48 hours, total RNA was isolated by RNAzol reagent (Molecular Research Center, Cincinnati, OH) and then reversed transcribed into cDNAs by using M-MLV (moloneymurine leukemia virus) reverse transcriptase according to the manufacturer’s suggestions (Sigma). Real-time PCR was employed here by using FastStart Universal SYBRGreen Master (ROX) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany). The sequences of primers were shown here: 5′-AAA TAC CTG TGG CCT TG-3′ (sense primer, S) and 5′-TTA GGA AGA CAC GGA TTC-3′ (antisense primer, AS) for murine IL-1β (NM_008361); 5′-GGA GTA CCA TAG CTACCT GG-3′ (S) and 5′-CTA GGT TTG CCG AGT AGA TC-3′ (AS) for murine IL-6 (NM_031168); 5′- AGT GAC AAG CCT GTA GCC -3′ (S) and 5′-AGG TTG ACT TTC TCC TGG-3′ (AS) for murine TNF-α (NM_013693); 5’-GAT GAG GCT GCG GAA GAA GG-3’ (S) and 5’-GCG AAG GCG TGG GTT CAG-3’ (NM_022415). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate de-hydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control, and the sequences were shown here: 5′-AAC GGA TTT GGC CGT ATT GG-3′ (S) and 5′- CTT CCC GTT CAG CTC TGG G-3′(AS) (NR_0215885). SYBR green signal was revealed by ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Transcript levels were quantified by using ΔCt value method [14, 20], where the values of target genes were normalized by GAPDH in the same sample. Dexamethasone (Dex, 10 μM) was obtained from Sigma working as positive control in all experiments.

Protein expression of cytokines

Protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines after drug treatment for 2 days were revealed by Milliplex® technology (Millipore, MA). Supernatants of culture medium were collected to measure the concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) using Milliplex® technology, followed the manufacturer’s instruction.

ROS formation

Fluorometric measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were utilized CellROX Deep Red Fluorescence Flow Cytomer detection kit (BD Biosciences) under manufacturer’s suggested protocol. Briefly, cells at were incubated in 100 μL of binding buffer for 15 min at room temperature. Samples were automatically acquired using the loader with acquisition criteria of 10,000 events for each tube, and the quadrants were set according to population of viable. The cytometer results were analyzed with Flowjo v7.6 software.

Western blot

Cell lysate were subjected to SDS-PAGE in revealing protein expressional levels of target genes. After transferring the target proteins to membranes, the membranes were incubated with anti-iNOS (CST, Danvers, MA) at 1:5,000 dilutions, anti-COX-2 (CST) at 1 : 5,000 dilutions, anti-PGES2 (Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX) at 1:5000 dilutions and anti-GAPDH (Santa Cruz) at 1 : 5,000,000 dilutions at 4 °C for overnight. Following incubation in horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies for 3 hours at room temperature, the immune-complexes were visualized by the enhanced chemiluminesence (ECL) method (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The band intensities were calculated and analyzed by Image J.

Laser confocal assay

The translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit was activated by treatment of 1 µg/mL of LPS for 24 hours and then presence with ZGC for another 48 hours. Then, cells were fixed for 10 min in 4% methanol-free paraformaldehyde. Antibodies were diluted in PBS containing 2.5 % fetal bovine serum, and 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma). NF-κB p65 subunit antibody was diluted 1:500 in PBS. Samples were incubated for overnight at cold room. Then, 1:1,000 dilution of secondary FITC-conjugated F(ab’)2 fragment donkey anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Jackson Laboratories, West Grove, PA) was added, incubated at room temp for 3 hours, in dark. After incubating, the cells were washed for 3 times by PBS. Before performing assay, 1: 5,000 dilution of DAPI was added to stain nucleus. Fluorimetric measurements were performed using an Olympus Fluoview FV1000 laser scanning confocal system (Olympus America, Melville, NY) mounted on an inverted Olympus microscope, equipped with a 63X objective.

Statistical analysis and other assays

Protein concentrations were measured by Bradford’s method (Herculues, CA). Statistical tests have been done by using one-way analysis of variance. Data were expressed as Mean ± SEM, where n = 3-4. Statistically significant changes were classified as significant (*) where p < 0.05, more significant (**) where p < 0.01 and highly significant (***) where p < 0.001 as compared with control group. Significant (^) where p < 0.05, more significant (^^) where p < 0.01 and highly significant (^^^) where p < 0.001 are compared with positive control group.

The potential strategies for cartilage tissue regeneration by induction of chondrogenesis is the most important treatment for osteoarthritis [21]. The chondrogenic ATDC5 cell line is derived from mouse teratocarcinoma cells and enters a sequential differentiation process analogous to that in chondrocytes and therefore, the differentiated ATDC5 cells is the most commonly utilized in vitro model for cell behavior studies during chondrogenesis [22, 23]. Differentiated ATDC5 cells viability serves as one of the key parameters reflecting osteoarthritis process [21]. Here, we utilized LPS to stimulate the activation of differentiated ATDC5 cells for mimicking inflammatory conditions in vitro. The inhibition of cell apoptosis was analyzed in LPS-induced cultured cells in the presence or absence of this herbal formula (Fig. 1). Annexin V-FITC- and PI-labeled cells were subjected to flow cytometry (Fig. 1). ATDC5 cell viability was dramatically altered in the presence of LPS at 1 µg/mL (Fig. 1). Interestingly, we found this herbal formula restricted cell apoptosis rate as compared to the inflammatory condition group (Fig. 1).

The pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α could establish an environment of activating inflammation, which are believed to promote osteoarthritis progression [5, 7]. The LPS-induced up regulation of the mRNAs encoding IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were suppressed, revealed by PCR, by ZGC extract in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2). The highest suppression was revealed to be at 0.5 mg/mL of the extract, and which showed ~ 42% for IL-1β, ~ 57% for IL-6 and ~ 73% for TNF-α, respectively (Fig. 2). Dex was applied as positive control, and which suppressed cytokine expression dramatically as shown in Fig. 2. The LPS could trigger the inflammatory status in chondrocyte-like cells and the cytokine production levels were robustly stimulated (Fig. 3). The protein levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines were also mitigated after ZGC presence over 2 days (Fig. 3). The alleviation properties of ZGC were in a dose-dependent manner, and the maximal concentration was achieved at 0.5 mg/mL (Fig. 3).

Studies have shown that oxidants can cause oxidative stress in cells, produce numerous ROS, and then activate tyrosine protein kinases [3]. ROS is involved in protein tyrosine phosphorylation and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, metabolism, survival and etc. Furthermore, ROS initiates IκB kinase and triggers IκB phosphorylation, and finally mediates cell death [1, 2]. The free NF-κB heterodimer released from IκB and translocates from cytosol to nucleus and then binds with the kappa region of the genome. Kappa region gene transcription increases the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, and which have been reported to be committed in inflammation and osteoarthritis [1, 2]. We revealed the contents of these mediators in LPS-stimulated chondrocyte-like cells. The concentration of ROS was triggered robustly in LPS mimicking group as compared to the control group (Fig. 4). The incubation with ZGC was able to attenuate LPS-induced ROS formation and generation, significantly (Fig. 4). Here, Dex was served as positive control which frequently applied in the clinical treatment (Fig. 4). The translational properties of LPS-induced COX-2, iNOS and PGES-2 were decreased under the application of various concentrations of ZGC extract, as compared to the control (Fig. 5). These suppression functions were in a dose-dependent manner after 48 hours incubation with ZGC but with a statically differences (Fig. 5). The minimal inhibition level was revealed at 0.125 mg/mL of ZGC formula extract, and which could decrease the iNOS, COX-2 and PGES-2 expression at different contents (Fig. 5). The maximal suppression was with the present of 0.5 mg/mL ZGC formula extract (Fig. 5).

Once NF-κB being activated, i.e. in the inflammatory situation, the protein is translocated into nucleus as to regulate the transcription of inflammatory mediators [3]. In cultured chondrocyte-like cells, LPS provoked NF-κB translocation from cytosol to nuclei as reflected by fluorescence co-localization data (Fig. 6). The translocation functions of this transcriptional factor were attenuated after ZGC presence as shown in Fig. 6. Dex restrained the NF-κB translocation from cytosol to nuclei robustly after 48 hours application (Fig. 6).

TCM has a broad range of materials, and which are frequently applied under the TCM principle for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, furthermore, which could also regulate capacity of human body. TCM contains herbs, animal drugs, shellfishes, minerals, magnets and etc [24]. There are over 600 types of Chinese herbs are included in CP (2020). Amongst all the TCM, herbal medicine accounts for the majority, and which are commonly consumed in our daily life. TCM can be clustered in several types according to the “four natures” theory, and they are namely hot, warm, cold, neutral and aromatic. In addition, TCM also enjoys “five flavors”, and they are sour, bitter, sweet, spicy and salty, respectively [25]. Each herb experiences its unique nature and flavor, which account the herbal properties which influencing the yin-yang of body, as well as the prevention and treatment of the diseases [26].

According to the compatibility of TCM, the role of each herb in formula can be described as “Master, Minister, Assistant and Servant”. In brief, “Master” herbs aim to the main syndrome of a disease. “Minister” herbs help to improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the toxicity of the “Master” herbs. “Assistant” herbs cooperate with “Master” and “Minister” herbs to enhance the therapeutic effects or to reverse the accompanying syndromes. “Servant” herbs regulate the properties of other herbs in herbal mixture. The compatibility of herbs is usually modified in terms of syndrome differentiation [27, 28]. In TCM, the herbal mixture is often prepared by water under moderate heating, which is considered as a common and widely used method in clinical application. The extraction method possesses the benefits of being prepared and administrated easily [29]. However, the disadvantages are the large amount of volume, difficulties in quality control and storage. Herbal formula is commonly used as pill, or grounded powder, for easy carry and storage.

Cytokines and ROS play important roles in accelerating the osteoarthritis development, and which stimulating bone cell damage and/or apoptosis, joint synovial inflammation, affecting chondrocyte anabolism, leading to cartilage degradation [30, 31]. Among the inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1β, IL-6, are confirmed to act as the indispensible roles in modulating osteoarthritis pathological process [32]. These cytokines up-regulate immune-specific mediator productions, i.e. iNOS, COX-2 and PGES-2. TNF-α is one of another important cytokines that drives the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis [33]. TNF-α stimulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and 'aggrecanase' a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) expressions [32, 34]. ROS acts as second messenger to activate NF-κB transduction pathway, which in turn leads to a cascade of inflammatory mediator factors production [33]. These factors activate immature osteoclasts to erode bone, interfering with chondrocyte metabolism and promoting cartilage degradation to produce irreversible fibrosis, thereby aggravating osteoarthritis [33, 34]. Therefore, mitigation of cytokineand ROS productions are the effective treatment for osteoarthritis.

RR and PF were documented in “Shennong Bencao Jing”, and which were widely used in the boosting kidney function and mitigating bone-related diseases [24]. Flavonoids are the active ingredient extracted from these two Materia Medica, and they are the multi-functional phytochemical presenting substantial characteristics that can be exploited for therapeutic agents targeting on various diseases, pharmaceutically [35]. Xiao et al. (2021) found that flavonoid-enriched RR extract shown the neuronal protective properties by suppressing of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway [36]. Xie and Du (2011) published the similar results, they found RR methanol extraction shown the therapeutic functions for inflammatory treatment by blocking TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-15 productions [37]. Jin et al. (2014) reported that oral administration of PF significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized methacholine and decreased IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [38]. The in vitro studies have implied that alcoholic extract of PF suppressed Th2 cytokines of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by ConA-stimulated D10 cells without inhibitory effect on cell viability [38].

From our preliminary results, we found ZGC were capable of attenuating IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α productions via NF-κB working mechanism. Therefore, ZGC might shed light on osteoarthritis treatment, however, the animal studies are still need to further verify the in vivo pharmaceutical properties of this traditional herbal formula.

ADAMTSs: 'Aggrecanase' a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; CP: China Pharmacopeia; ECL: Enhanced chemiluminesence; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; IκB: Inhibitory kappa-B; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PF: Psoraleae Fructus; PGES-2: Prostaglandin synthesis E2; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RR: Rehmanniae Radix; TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; ZGC: Zhuanggu Guanjie capsule.

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Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Funding sources

Supported by Guizhou Provincial Natural Science Foundation (QKH-J [2020] 1Y377), Zunyi Science and Technology Project [ZSKHHZZ(2020)85], Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province (QKPTRC[2019]-024), Zunyi Medical University for the Doctoral Program (F-937), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products (2021B1212040015), Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province (2018A030307074), National Natural Science Foundation of China (82160825 and 22078198).

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors contributors

Guowei Gong performed the experiments. Guowei Gong and Yuzhong Zheng were responsible for drafting the manuscript. Zhi Dai and Juanhui Duan was responsible for purchasing consumables, preparing reagents and providing raw materials. Xuan Zhou, PeikuiYang, Xiangzhi Liu and Zhen Wen were responsible for data analyze and polishing manuscript.

Acknowledgements

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Zhuanggu Guanjie herbal formula mitigates osteoarthritis via NF-κB transduction mechanism in vitro

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