Table 1: Sample information of the studied area (Dhaka City, Bangladesh) along with their ancillary data.
Sample ID
|
Location
|
Population
|
Water Source
|
Pretreatment before Drinking
|
|
|
|
|
Boiling
|
Filtration
|
W-1
|
Abdullahpur
|
62967
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-2
|
Uttara-7
|
116940
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-3
|
Ashkona
|
78933
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-4
|
Dakkhinkhan
|
350781
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-5
|
Gulshan-2
|
137134
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-6
|
Mirpur 1
|
111251
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-7
|
Kafrul
|
105046
|
Groundwater
|
No
|
Yes
|
W-8
|
ECB
|
70615
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-9
|
Monipur, Mirpur
|
210783
|
Supply Water
|
No
|
Yes
|
W-10
|
Mahakhali
|
92773
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-11
|
Satarkul
|
23663
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-12
|
Bosila
|
54739
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-13
|
Tejgaon
|
289512
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-14
|
Khilgaon
|
113273
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-15
|
Maradia
|
39980
|
Supply Water
|
No
|
Yes
|
W-16
|
Hatirpool
|
72449
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-17
|
Eskaton
|
42105
|
Supply Water
|
No
|
Yes
|
W-18
|
Lalbagh
|
82069
|
Supply Water
|
No
|
Yes
|
W-19
|
Mugda
|
71305
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-20
|
Demra
|
64487
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-21
|
Jatrabari
|
60966
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-22
|
Matuail
|
31887
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-23
|
Kalshi
|
364642
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-24
|
Kotwali
|
26199
|
Groundwater
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-25
|
Magbazar
|
51067
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-26
|
Notunbazar
|
56478
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-27
|
Badda
|
96111
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-28
|
Sobhanbagh
|
38677
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-29
|
Mirpur-2
|
298640
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-30
|
Banasree
|
86931
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-31
|
Shanir Akhra
|
83345
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-32
|
Shankar
|
40445
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
No
|
W-33
|
Goran
|
18602
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
W-34
|
Mohammadpur
|
51384
|
Supply Water
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Table 2: Potentially toxic elements in tap-water of Dhaka City, Bangladesh) with their descriptive statistics along with their recommended values, literature data and parameters for entropy water quality index (EWQI) calculation.
Sample
|
Cr
|
Mn
|
Fe
|
Co
|
Ni
|
Cu
|
Zn
|
As
|
Cd
|
Hg
|
Pb
|
EWQI
|
Remarks
|
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
[µg/L]
|
|
|
This work
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W-1
|
111
|
31
|
4840
|
22
|
8.0
|
30
|
77
|
1.10
|
2.3
|
0.48
|
27
|
112
|
Moderate
|
W-2
|
39
|
24
|
4390
|
100
|
8.0
|
91
|
146
|
0.83
|
1.5
|
0.96
|
23
|
85.7
|
Good
|
W-3
|
19
|
73
|
3200
|
77
|
12
|
19
|
15
|
0.95
|
4.0
|
0.57
|
92
|
82.8
|
Good
|
W-4
|
21
|
30
|
1010
|
74
|
39
|
56
|
102
|
0.98
|
2.1
|
0.80
|
118
|
60.8
|
Good
|
W-5
|
14
|
12
|
460
|
71
|
8.0
|
24
|
70
|
0.88
|
2.9
|
0.56
|
26
|
23.7
|
Excellent
|
W-6
|
24
|
15
|
970
|
98
|
11
|
43
|
177
|
1.55
|
3.0
|
0.51
|
24
|
35.0
|
Excellent
|
W-7
|
8.0
|
15
|
5630
|
110
|
38
|
116
|
408
|
1.05
|
1.3
|
0.25
|
49
|
104
|
Moderate
|
W-8
|
134
|
14
|
1860
|
103
|
29
|
51
|
267
|
1.00
|
1.5
|
0.53
|
36
|
84.0
|
Good
|
W-9
|
65
|
25
|
5930
|
86
|
12
|
73
|
356
|
1.48
|
2.2
|
0.59
|
59
|
125
|
Moderate
|
W-10
|
8.0
|
33
|
3390
|
62
|
31
|
37
|
35
|
2.30
|
1.4
|
0.52
|
13
|
60.9
|
Good
|
W-11
|
8.0
|
18
|
1130
|
57
|
16
|
38
|
76
|
1.90
|
1.0
|
0.42
|
8.0
|
25.9
|
Excellent
|
W-12
|
155
|
24
|
1300
|
45
|
101
|
61
|
283
|
0.03
|
1.9
|
0.43
|
8.0
|
81.2
|
Good
|
W-13
|
11
|
49
|
9400
|
38
|
22
|
31
|
100
|
1.23
|
2.8
|
0.54
|
28
|
148
|
Moderate
|
W-14
|
32
|
39
|
5010
|
41
|
8.0
|
65
|
312
|
2.18
|
3.2
|
1.30
|
69
|
105
|
Moderate
|
W-15
|
8.0
|
21
|
740
|
87
|
8.0
|
20
|
98
|
0.90
|
1.8
|
1.04
|
8.0
|
21.7
|
Excellent
|
W-16
|
8.0
|
11
|
880
|
63
|
8.0
|
55
|
428
|
0.91
|
4.1
|
0.40
|
8.0
|
24.4
|
Excellent
|
W-17
|
24
|
13
|
1200
|
102
|
8.0
|
75
|
135
|
0.98
|
5.0
|
0.55
|
8.0
|
35.1
|
Excellent
|
W-18
|
16
|
66
|
9970
|
75
|
13
|
71
|
190
|
0.48
|
3.9
|
0.26
|
8.0
|
154
|
Poor
|
W-19
|
14
|
15
|
3180
|
36
|
32
|
54
|
17
|
0.58
|
2.8
|
0.56
|
14
|
59.5
|
Good
|
W-20
|
156
|
14
|
2040
|
14
|
39
|
47
|
46
|
0.48
|
3.1
|
0.29
|
47
|
94.1
|
Good
|
W-21
|
25
|
22
|
2070
|
50
|
7.0
|
80
|
92
|
9.75
|
4.1
|
1.15
|
40
|
55.7
|
Good
|
W-22
|
83
|
10
|
2090
|
12
|
78
|
85
|
264
|
0.25
|
2.7
|
0.27
|
8.0
|
67.4
|
Good
|
W-23
|
8.0
|
17
|
2360
|
15
|
23
|
83
|
148
|
0.43
|
3.1
|
1.18
|
30
|
50.1
|
Good
|
W-24
|
9.0
|
9.0
|
15650
|
96
|
19
|
40
|
30
|
0.58
|
4.0
|
0.22
|
15
|
232
|
Extremely poor
|
W-25
|
13
|
7.0
|
2110
|
67
|
35
|
27
|
48
|
1.43
|
2.0
|
0.55
|
38
|
51.4
|
Good
|
W-26
|
50
|
13
|
590
|
105
|
64
|
39
|
12
|
2.13
|
2.2
|
0.73
|
73
|
55.3
|
Good
|
W-27
|
73
|
19
|
400
|
65
|
14
|
136
|
819
|
1.18
|
4.2
|
0.54
|
8.0
|
39.1
|
Excellent
|
W-28
|
8.0
|
11
|
570
|
60
|
29
|
82
|
36
|
0.23
|
3.3
|
0.42
|
22
|
24.3
|
Excellent
|
W-29
|
35
|
15
|
850
|
81
|
44
|
73
|
92
|
0.70
|
2.8
|
0.27
|
29
|
40.1
|
Excellent
|
W-30
|
31
|
8.0
|
1200
|
79
|
26
|
25
|
908
|
0.18
|
3.1
|
0.37
|
37
|
45.6
|
Excellent
|
W-31
|
20
|
7.0
|
1360
|
72
|
36
|
50
|
204
|
0.25
|
2.2
|
0.38
|
33
|
42.2
|
Excellent
|
W-32
|
38
|
16
|
20100
|
107
|
47
|
88
|
166
|
0.30
|
1.9
|
0.34
|
96
|
325
|
Extremely poor
|
W-33
|
120
|
17
|
7300
|
101
|
75
|
12
|
97
|
0.83
|
3.0
|
0.52
|
8.0
|
153
|
Poor
|
W-34
|
77
|
21
|
900
|
109
|
71
|
44
|
68
|
0.55
|
3.2
|
0.49
|
8.0
|
52.1
|
Good
|
Error (%)a
|
5-8
|
6-8
|
2-4
|
4-7
|
3-9
|
5-10
|
7-11
|
8-12
|
9-14
|
10-15
|
2-6
|
|
|
(Continue)
Table 2: Continue.
|
Cr
|
Mn
|
Fe
|
Co
|
Ni
|
Cu
|
Zn
|
As
|
Cd
|
Hg
|
Pb
|
This work
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean (n=34)
|
43.1
|
21.6
|
3649
|
70
|
30
|
56.5
|
186
|
1.19
|
2.75
|
0.56
|
32.9
|
SD (1σ)
|
44.5
|
15.3
|
4416
|
29
|
24
|
28.5
|
206
|
1.62
|
0.97
|
0.28
|
28.4
|
RSD (%)
|
103
|
70.9
|
121
|
41.8
|
79.9
|
50.4
|
110.72
|
136
|
35.2
|
49.5
|
86.3
|
Median
|
24
|
16.5
|
2055
|
73
|
24.5
|
52.5
|
101
|
0.905
|
2.8
|
0.52
|
26.5
|
Min.
|
8
|
7
|
400
|
12
|
7
|
12
|
12
|
0.03
|
1
|
0.22
|
8
|
Max.
|
156
|
73
|
20100
|
110
|
101
|
136
|
908
|
9.75
|
5
|
1.3
|
118
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Recommended limits
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WHOb
|
50
|
400
|
300
|
100
|
70
|
2000
|
5000
|
10
|
3
|
6
|
10
|
EPAc
|
50
|
50
|
200
|
|
20
|
2000
|
|
10
|
5
|
|
10
|
USEPAd
|
|
|
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
ECRe
|
50
|
100
|
300-1000
|
|
100
|
1000
|
5000
|
50
|
5
|
|
50
|
EUf
|
50
|
|
|
|
20
|
2000
|
|
10
|
5
|
1
|
10
|
BISg
|
50
|
100
|
300
|
|
|
50
|
5000
|
50
|
10
|
1
|
50
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Literature Data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drinking Water: Jamalpur, Bangladeshh
|
6
|
1075
|
363
|
|
|
8
|
20
|
|
8
|
|
16
|
Drinking Water: Rangpur, Bangladeshi
|
|
684
|
7726
|
|
|
|
33.3
|
8.8
|
|
|
|
Drinking Water: Noakhali, Bangladeshj
|
0.81
|
192
|
|
|
1.24
|
4.64
|
23.2
|
328
|
<0.05
|
|
0.17
|
Groundwater: Dhaka, Bangladeshk
|
|
|
208.97
|
|
|
|
21.007
|
|
|
|
|
Tubewell water: Gangetic Basin, Indial
|
8.6
|
199
|
2786
|
1.38
|
|
107
|
542
|
9
|
0.28
|
|
15
|
Drinking Water: Mandalay region, Myanmarm
|
|
343
|
775
|
|
|
10
|
100
|
|
|
10
|
10
|
Tap water: Islamabad, Pakistann
|
|
|
399
|
|
1
|
|
222
|
1.95
|
2.7
|
|
64.5
|
Drinking water: Kohistan region, Northern Pakistano
|
21.01
|
5.24
|
|
0.94
|
4.7
|
73.83
|
651.5
|
|
1.01
|
|
2.54
|
Tap water: Khorramabad, Iranp
|
5.08
|
|
|
|
3.47
|
6.79
|
47.01
|
|
0.43
|
|
3.2
|
Drinking water: Northern Chinaq
|
17.38
|
58.22
|
67
|
7.28
|
13.05
|
19.49
|
46.76
|
15.16
|
0.02
|
|
0.45
|
Drinking water: Dalian, Chinar
|
|
|
|
|
1.93
|
38.58
|
139.5
|
1.08
|
0.03
|
0.032
|
|
Groundwater: Vietnams
|
|
|
3300
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
Tap water: Metrpolitan, Francet
|
<0.5
|
<0.5
|
26
|
<0.5
|
2.5
|
1500
|
810
|
0.5
|
<0.5
|
|
1.8
|
Groundwater: Middle Russiau
|
8
|
|
130
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.2
|
|
|
Supply Water: Polandv
|
2.7
|
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
<1
|
Supply Water: Egyptw
|
|
430
|
350
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.25
|
|
15.5
|
Groundwater: Atonsu-Kumasi, Ghanax
|
<0.006
|
<0.002
|
47
|
<0.005
|
|
<0.003
|
0.01
|
|
<0.002
|
|
22
|
Drinking water: Nigeriay
|
329.3
|
|
162.8
|
|
|
|
136
|
|
|
|
91.48
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EWQI Parameters
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Standard Data (Si)
|
50
|
400
|
1000
|
100
|
100
|
2000
|
5000
|
50
|
5
|
6
|
50
|
Information Entropy (ej)
|
0.8
|
0.878
|
0.813
|
0.954
|
0.857
|
0.941
|
0.852
|
0.86
|
0.953
|
0.914
|
0.826
|
Entropy Weight (wj)
|
0.148
|
0.09
|
0.138
|
0.034
|
0.106
|
0.044
|
0.11
|
0.103
|
0.035
|
0.064
|
0.129
|
aError (analytical uncertainty, in %); bWHO: World Health Organization, (2011); cEPA: Environmental Protection Agency of Ireland, (2001); dUSEPA: Environmental Protection Agency of USA, (2004); eECR: Environment Conservation Rules of Bangladesh, (1997); fEU: European Community, (1998); gBIS: Bureau of Indian Standards, (1991); hZakir et al., (2020); iSaha et al., (2019); jRahman et al., (2013); kBodrud-doza et al., (2020); lKumar et al., (2019); mMaw et al., (2020); nAbeer et al., (2020); oMuhammad et al., (2011); pMohammadi et al., (2019); qQiao et al., (2020); rDong et al., (2020); sNguyen et al., (2020); tLe bot et al., (2016); uMomot et al., (2005); vSzuster-Janiaczyk et al., (2018); wAbdeldayem, (2019); xOpoku et al., (2020); yEgbueri et al., (2020).