1 Juutinen, S. et al. Major implication of the littoral zone for methane release from boreal lakes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles17, doi:10.1029/2003GB002105, doi:10.1029/2003gb002105 (2003).
2 Pegoraro, E. et al. Glucose addition increases the magnitude and decreases the age of soil respired carbon in a long-term permafrost incubation study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry129, 201-211, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.009 (2019).
3 Riedel, T., Zak, D., Biester, H. & Dittmar, T. Iron traps terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter at redox interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA110, 10101-10105, doi:10.1073/pnas.1221487110 (2013).
4 Sun, W., Sun, Z., Mou, X. & Sun, W. Short-Term Study on Variations of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Intertidal Zone of the Yellow River Estuary during Autumn and Winter. Wetlands38, 835-854, doi:10.1007/s13157-018-1035-4 (2018).
5 Warner, D. L., Vargas, R., Seyfferth, A. & Inamdar, S. Transitional slopes act as hotspots of both soil CO2 emission and CH4 uptake in a temperate forest landscape. Biogeochemistry138, 121-135, doi:10.1007/s10533-018-0435-0 (2018).
6 Liu, Y. et al. Differential responses of soil respiration to soil warming and experimental throughfall reduction in a transitional oak forest in central China. Agricultural and Forest meteorology226 (2016).
7 Tfaily, M. M. et al. Organic matter transformation in the peat column at Marcell Experimental Forest: Humification and vertical stratification. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences119, 661-675, doi:10.1002/2013jg002492 (2014).
8 Clymo, R. S. The limits to peat bog growth, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B303, 605-654 (1984).
9 Clymo, R. S. & Bryant, C. L. Diffusion and mass flow of dissolved carbon dioxide, methane, and dissolved organic carbon in a 7-m deep raised peat bog. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta72, 2048-2066, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.032 (2008).
10 Schuur, E. A. G. et al. The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra. Nature459, 556-559 (2009).
11 Joosten, H. & Clarke, D. Wise Use of Mires and Peatlands – Backgroundand Principles Including a Framework for Decision-Making, Finland. (2002).
12 Vestergård, M., Reinsch, S., Bengtson, P., Ambus, P. & Christensen, S. Enhanced priming of old, not new soil carbon at elevated atmospheric CO2. Soil Biology and Biochemistry100, 140-148, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.06.010 (2016).
13 Pries, C. E. H., Castanha, C., Porras, R. C. & Torn, M. S. The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming. Science355, 1420-1423 (2017).
14 Wilson, R. M. et al. Stability of peatland carbon to rising temperatures. Nature communications7, 13723, doi:10.1038/ncomms13723 (2016).
15 Dorrepaal, E. et al. Carbon respiration from subsurface peat accelerated by climate warming in the subarctic. Nature460, 616-619 (2009).
16 Hopple, A. M. et al. Massive peatland carbon banks vulnerable to rising temperatures. Nature communications11, 2373, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16311-8 (2020).
17 Nottingham, A. T., Meir, P., Velasquez, E. & Turner, B. L. Soil carbon loss by experimental warming in a tropical forest. Nature584, 234-237, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2566-4 (2020).
18 Liu, L. et al. Responses of peat carbon at different depths to simulated warming and oxidizing. The Science of the total environment548-549, 429-440, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.149 (2016).
19 Gill, A. L., Giasson, M.-A., Yu, R. & Finzi, A. C. Deep peat warming increases surface methane and carbon dioxide emissions in a black spruce-dominated ombrotrophic bog. Glob. Change Biol1, 1-14, doi:10.1111/gcb.13806 (2017).
20 Lee, H., Schuur, E. A. G., Inglett, K. S., Lavoie, M. & Chanton, J. P. The rate of permafrost carbon release under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and its potential effects on climate. Glob. Change Biol18, 515-527 (2012).
21 Bingeman, C. W., Varner, J. E. & Martin, W. P. The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal17, 34-38 (1953).
22 Liang, J. et al. More replenishment than priming loss of soil organic carbon with additional carbon input. Nature communications9, 3175. DOI: 3110.1038/s41467-41018-05667-41467, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05667-7 (2018).
23 Keuper, F. et al. Carbon loss from northern circumpolar permafrost soils amplified by rhizosphere priming. Nature Geoscience13, 560, doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0607-0 (2020).
24 Huo, C., Luo, Y. & Cheng, W. Rhizosphere priming effect: a meta-analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem111, 78–84 (2017).
25 Hartley, I. P. et al. A potential loss of carbon associated with greater plant growth in the European Arctic. Nature Climate Change2, 875–879 (2012).
26 Rousk, K., Michelsen, A. & Rousk, J. Microbial control of soil organic matter mineralization responses to labile carbon in subarctic climate change treatments. Glob. Change Biol22, 4150-4161, doi:10.1111/gcb.13296 (2016).
27 Parker, T. C., Subke, J. A. & Wookey, P. A. Rapid carbon turnover beneath shrub and tree vegetation is associated with low soil carbon stocks at a subarctic treeline. Glob. Change Biol21, 2070-2081, doi:10.1111/gcb.12793 (2015).
28 Liu, H. et al. Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A115, 4051-4056, doi:10.1073/pnas.1700299114 (2018).
29 Malhotra, A. et al. Peatland warming strongly increases fine-root growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America117, 17627-17634, doi:10.1073/pnas.2003361117 (2020).
30 Wild, B. et al. Input of easily available organic C and N stimulates microbial decomposition of soil organic matter in arctic permafrost soil. Soil Biol Biochem75, 143-151, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.014 (2014).
31 Zieger, A., Kaiser, K., Ríos Guayasamín, P. & Kaupenjohann, M. Massive carbon addition to an organic-rich Andosol increased the subsoil but not the topsoil carbon stock. Biogeosciences15, 2743-2760, doi:10.5194/bg-15-2743-2018 (2018).
32 Orwin, K. H., Wardle, D. A. & Greenfield, L. G. Ecological consequences of carbon substrate identity and diversity in a laboratory study. Ecology87, 580–593 (2006).
33 Fang, Y., Nazaries, L., Singh, B. K. & Singh, B. P. Microbial mechanisms of carbon priming effects revealed during the interaction of crop residue and nutrient inputs in contrasting soils. Glob. Change Biol24, 2775-2790, doi:10.1111/gcb.14154 (2018).
34 Yang, M. et al. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Littoral Zone of a Chinese Reservoir. Water9, doi:10.3390/w9070539 (2017).
35 Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S. & Whitmore, A. P. Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. Glob. Change Biol18, 1781-1796, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x (2012).
36 Qin, S. et al. Temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition governed by aggregate protection and microbial communities. Science advances5, eaau1218 (2019).
37 Gillabel, J., Cebrian-Lopez, B., Six, J. & Merckx, R. Experimental evidence for the attenuating effect of SOM protection on temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition. Glob. Change Biol16, 2789-2798, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02132.x (2010).
38 Freeman, C., Ostle, N. & Kang, H. An enzymic ‘latch’ on a global carbon store. Nature409, 149-150 (2001).
39 Keiluweit, M. et al. Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates. Nat. Clim. Chang5, 588-595, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2580 (2015).
40 Wang, Y., Wang, H., He, J. S. & Feng, X. Iron-mediated soil carbon response to water-table decline in an alpine wetland. Nature communications8, 15972. DOI: 15910.11038/ncomms15972, doi:10.1038/ncomms15972 (2017).
41 James, T. et al. Summer warming accelerates sub-arctic peatland nitrogen cycling without changing enzyme pools or microbial community structure. Glob. Change Biol18, 138-150, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02548.x (2012).
42 Schmidt, M. W. I. et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature478, 49–56 (2011).
43 Walker, T. N. et al. Vascular plants promote ancient peatland carbon loss with climate warming. Glob. Change Biol22, 1880-1889, doi:10.1111/gcb.13213 (2016).
44 LeBauer, D. & Treseder, K. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89, 371–379 (2008).
45 Jansson, J. K. & Hofmockel, K. S. Soil microbiomes and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol18, 35-46, doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0265-7 (2020).
46 Chen, J. et al. Soil carbon loss with warming: New evidence from carbon-degrading enzymes. Glob. Change Biol0, 1-9, doi:10.1111/gcb.14986 (2020).
47 Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Brosseau, D. P., Beilman, D. W. & Hunt, S. J. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters37, L13402, doi:13410.11029/12010GL043584, doi:10.1029/2010gl043584 (2010).
48 Gorham, E. Northern Peatlands: Role in the Carbon Cycle and Probable Responses to Climatic Warming. Ecological Applications2, 182-195 (1991).
49 Tamura, M., Suseela, V., Simpson, M., Powell, B. & Tharayil, N. Plant litter chemistry alters the content and composition of organic carbon associated with soil mineral and aggregate fractions in invaded ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol23, 4002-4018, doi:10.1111/gcb.13751 (2017).
50 Dieleman, C. M., Branfireun, B. A., Mclaughlin, J. W. & Lindo, Z. Climate change drives a shift in peatland ecosystem plant community: Implications for ecosystem function and stability. Glob. Change Biol21, 388–395 (2015).
51 Hribljan, J. A., Kane, E. S. & Chimner, R. A. Implications of Altered Hydrology for Substrate Quality and Trace Gas Production in a Poor Fen Peatland. Soil Science Society of America Journal81, 633, doi:10.2136/sssaj2016.10.0322 (2017).
52 Fontaine, S. et al. Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply. Nature450, 277-280 (2007).
53 Crowther, T. W. et al. Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming. Nature540, 104-108, doi:10.1038/nature20150 (2016).
54 Davidson, E. A. & Janssens, I. A. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature440, 165-173 (2006).
55 Wen, Y. et al. Is the ‘enzyme latch’ or ‘iron gate’ the key to protecting soil organic carbon in peatlands? Geoderma349, 107-113, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.023 (2019).
56 Hicks Pries, C. E., Schuur, E. A. G. & Crummer, K. G. Thawing permafrost increases old soil and autotrophic respiration in tundra: Partitioning ecosystem respiration using δ13C and ∆14C. Glob. Change Biol19, 649-661 (2013).
57 Lalonde, K., Mucci, A., Ouellet, A. & Gelinas, Y. Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron. Nature483, 198-200, doi:10.1038/nature10855 (2012).
58 Deforest, J. L., zak, D. R., Pregitzer, K. S. & Burtonf, A. J. Atomspheric nitrate deposition and enhanced dissolved organic carbon leaching: Test of a potential mechanism. Soil Science Society of America Journal69, 1233-1237, doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.0283 (2005).
59 Vance, E., Brookes, P. & Jenkinson, D. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil biology and Biochemistry19, 703-707 (1987).
60 Caporaso, J. G. et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A108 Suppl 1, 4516-4522, doi:10.1073/pnas.1000080107 (2011).
61 Gardes, M. & Bruns, T. D. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2, 113-118 (1993).
62 Bustin, S. A. et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry55, 611–622 (2009).
63 Saiya-Cork, K., R.L.Sinsabaugh & D.R.Zak. The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry34, 1309-1315 (2002).
64 DeForest, J. L. The influence of time, storage temperature, and substrate age on potential soil enzyme activity in acidic forest soils using MUB-linked substrates and L-DOPA. Soil Biology and Biochemistry41, 1180-1186 (2009).
65 Caporaso, J. G. et al. QIIME allows analysis of highthroughput community sequencing data. Nature methods7, 335-336, doi:10.1038/nmeth0510-335 (2010).