Author, year
|
Country (State/Region)
|
Study design and study period
|
Data source
|
Study setting
|
Number of care homes
|
Infectious disease
|
Outcome of interest
|
Bowblis, J. & Applebaum, R. (2020) [23]
|
United States of America (USA), (Ohio)
|
Cohort study, data collected April-June 2020
|
Ohio Department of Health, Nursing Home Compare database, and Payroll-based Journaling
|
Nursing homes that have reported at least one case of COVID-19 to Ohio Department of Health.
|
942
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size, facility location, temporary hired staff, nurse aides hours
|
Drinka P.J. et al. (2004) [35]
|
USA (Wisconsin)
|
Cohort study, data collected during six influenza season 1993-2000
|
Objectilvey measured data collected by researchers
|
A four-building, long-term care facility for veterans and their spouses
|
1
|
Influenza A
|
Facility design
|
Gorges, R.J. & Konetzka R.T. (2020) [37]
|
USA
|
Cohort study, data obtained in June 2020
|
Nursing Home Compare (NHC) database, Long-Term Care Focus, and COVID-19 Nursing Home Dataset from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
|
All nursing homes in the CMS COVID‐19 Nursing Home Dataset that had passed the CMS Quality Assurance Check as of June 25, 2020.
|
13,167
|
COVID-19
|
Nurse aides hours
|
Halloran, N.F. et al. (2020) [24]
|
England (Cheshire and Merseyside)
|
Case-control study comparing characteristics between care homes with and without a declared influenza outbreak
|
Public Health of England Health Protection Case Management System, and the Care Quality Commission (CQC)
|
All CQC-registered care homes in Cheshire and Merseyside that declared an influenza outbreak between mid-December 2017 and May 2018
|
154
|
Influenza A and B
|
Facility size
|
He, M et al. (2020) [25]
|
USA (California)
|
Cross-sectional study, data obtained in June 2020
|
California Department of Public Health, Nursing Home Compare Database, and nursing home data from Long-Term Care Focus
|
All nursing homes in California
|
1,223
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size, facility design
|
Inns, T. et al. (2018) [33]
|
England (Cheshire and Merseyside)
|
Cohort study, data collected December 2012-December 2016
|
Records collected by the local Community Infection Prevention & Control Team, and data from the Care Quality Commission (CQC)
|
All CQC-registered care homes in Cheshire and Merseyside
|
379
|
Infectious gastroenteritis
|
Facility size
|
Li, J. et al. (1996) [26]
|
USA (New York State)
|
Case-control study (case=care home with outbreak), all of year 1992
|
New York State Department of Health, and survey data completed by care home managers
|
All licensed nursing homes in New York State caring primarily for older people
|
171
|
Respiratory and gastrointestinal infection
|
Facility size, staff compartmentalizing
|
Lin, H. et al. (2011) [27]
|
Hong Kong
|
Cohort study from January 2005 until December 2007
|
Annual Territorywide Infection Control Checklist Survey, and the Public Health Information System
|
All elderly homes operating in Hong Kong
|
748
|
Norovirus
|
Facility design
|
Lombardo F.L. et al. (2020) [28]
|
Italy
|
Cross-sectional study, survey completed March-May 2020
|
Survey data provided by care home directors
|
All nursing homes in Italy
|
1,356
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size
|
Morciano, M. et al (2021) [29]
|
England
|
Cohort study, data obtained in August 2020
|
Data records from the Care Quality Commission
|
All nursing homes in England with death notification data
|
4,428
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size
|
Rolland, Y. et al. (2020) [36]
|
France (Haute-Garonne)
|
Cross-sectional study, survey completed in March-May 2020
|
Survey data provided by care home directors
|
All long-term care facilities in Haute-Garonne
|
124
|
COVID-19
|
Temporary hired staff, staff compartmentalizing
|
Shallcross, L. et al (2021) [30]
|
England
|
Cross-sectional study, telephone-survey completed in May-June 2020
|
Survey data provided by care home directors, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results
|
All long-term care facilities for individuals aged ≥65 years or providing dementia care
|
5,126
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size, temporary hired staff
|
Shi, S. et al. (2020) [38]
|
USA (Boston, Massachusetts)
|
Retrospective cohort study, data collected March-May 2020
|
Medical records, SARS-CoV-2 test results, federally mandated clinical assessment data of residents
|
An approximately 500-bed academic long-term care facility in Boston
|
1
|
COVID-19
|
Residency of staff
|
Stall, N. et al. (2020) [31]
|
Canada (Ontario)
|
Retrospective cohort study, data collected March-May 2020
|
Ontario Ministries of Health and Long-Term Care, COVID-19 Ontario Census
|
All long-term care homes in Ontario
|
623
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size, facility design
|
Sugg, M. et al. (2020) [34]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study of a national cohort, data obtained in June 2020
|
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, American Community Survey, the 2010 Census, SARS-CoV-2 test results
|
All nursing homes operating since 2015
|
13,709
|
COVID-19
|
Facility location
|
White, E.M. et al. (2020) [32]
|
USA
|
Cross-sectional study, data obtained in May 2020
|
Genesis Healthcare database, Long-Term Care Focus, Nursing Home Compare database
|
Skilled nursing facilities by the provider Genesis HealthCare and other providers operating in states providing data on COVID-19 test results
|
3,357
|
COVID-19
|
Facility size
|