Botulinum Toxin Injections as an Effective Treatment for Patients with Hailey-Hailey or Darier Disease: An open-label 6-month pilot interventional study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-86132/v1

Background: Patients with Hailey-Hailey and Darier diseases present with disabling inflammatory lesions located in large skin folds, which are often exacerbated or induced by sweating. Quality of life is highly impaired because of pain and recurrent skin infections. An improvement in skin lesions after botulinum toxin A injections has previously been reported in some patients but no prospective interventional studies are available. The aim of this open-label, 6-month, interventional pilot study (NCT02782702) was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin A injections. Thirty patients with moderate to very severe skin lesions located in folds were enrolled in the study.

Results: Thirty patients (26 Hailey-Hailey / 4 Darier) were included. Botulinum toxin A proved effective within the first month in two-thirds of patients, taking all study parameters (itchiness, cutaneous pain, sweating and odour, infections, psychosocial impairment and quality of life) into account and persisted during the 6-month follow-up period. No patient was classed as a BtxA non-responder, but 11 (37%) patients, who were the most severe ones, experienced a relapse during the study. No serious side effects were reported. Mild transient clear fluid discharge at the site of the injections was reported for 27% of patients.

Conclusions: Botulinic toxin is an effective and safe treatment for Hailey-Hailey and Darier diseases. Further studies should evaluate the benefit of increased doses or combined treatments for the most severe patients.

Timing of approvals:

- 25, February 2015: approval by the institutional ethics committee

- 2, June 2015: registration under the European Eudract identifier 2015-000379-29 (https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/index.html)

- 31, July 2015: approval by the French national health authority, ANSM

- 31, August 2015: implementation agreement signed by the sponsor.

- 25, May 2016: registration under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02782702 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02782702?cond=NCT02782702&draw=2&rank=1).

Neurobiology of Disease

Infectious Diseases

Botulinum toxin

Hailey Hailey disease

Darier disease

quality of life

Darier disease (DD) and Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) are two rare genetic diseases sharing some clinical (recurrent inflammatory erythematous plaques with a predilection for the skin folds), histopathological (acantholytic dyskeratosis) and genetic (inherited as autosomal-dominant traits, mutations in genes encoding for intracellular calcium pumps (ATP2A2 for DD and ATP2C1 for HHD) similarities (1). DD is mainly defined by warty papules in seborrheic and flexural areas, whereas the cardinal symptoms of HHD are vesicles and erosions in flexural skin (2). Lesions are intermittent or permanent but acute exacerbations occur, especially during hot seasons, with a possible worsening with sweating. For both diseases, quality of life (QOL) is impaired because of troublesome symptoms such as pain, itchiness and a predilection for cutaneous infections (3-5).

There are currently no curative treatments. Several therapeutic options are available but HHD and DD are often difficult to control. Topical agents include antiseptics, emollients, corticosteroids, tacalcitol (6), adapalene (7), 5-fluorouracil (8), tacrolimus (9) and pimecrolimus (10). Systemic therapies include: antibiotics (11), oral retinoid (acitretin or alitretinoin) (12-13), ciclosporin (14-15) and, more recently, low-dose naltrexone (16-18). Interventional treatments may also be performed, including (19): dermabrasion (20), wide excision (21), laser ablation (22-24), photodynamic therapy (25-27) and radiotherapy (28-29). Botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) may be another option. BtxA has proved effective outside the field of Dermatology and has been approved for the treatment of specific dystonias. In Dermatology, intracutaneous injections of BtxA have been used to treat focal hyperhidrosis (30-32) and skin conditions such as aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma and, pachyonychia congenital (33). BtxA blocks the release of acetylcholine from the sympathetic nerve fibres that stimulates the eccrine sweat glands and causes a localised long-lasting, but reversible reduction in sweating. An improvement in skin lesions following BtxA injections has previously been reported in a few patients suffering from both DD and HHD (34-43), but no prospective interventional studies are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BtxA injections in the flexural skin of HHD and DD patients.

This was an open-label, 6-month, interventional pilot study conducted in an expert centre. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes - Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France) and the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, ANSM (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 1983, and registered under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02782702.

Patients

According to pilot study methodology (44), 30 patients were expected to be enrolled in this study. Eligible patients were aged ≥ 18 years and had a clinically and biopsy-proven diagnosis of DD or HHD. At baseline, patients were required to present at least one lesion located in the large fold areas (inguinal, axillary, mammary and abdominal), ranging from moderately severe to very severe (see section on outcomes). Exclusion criteria were provided as supplementary data (S1). Written consent was obtained from all patients.

Intervention

Each patient was scheduled to attend four visits. At the first visit, each patient received intradermal BtxA injections (Botox^R) on selected areas presenting moderate to very severe lesions (see section on outcomes). These injections were performed under local anaesthesia (lidocaine prilocaine 5% cream, applied one hour earlier). Not more than one BtxA (200-unit) vial was used per patient. The BtxA vial was diluted with 8 mL of sterile, preservative-free physiological saline solution, resulting in a concentration of 2.5 units/0.1 ml. The areas to be injected were divided into a grid of 1 to 2 cm. Using a 30-gauge needle, 2 mL (50 units) were then administered intradermally, divided into a constant volume of 0.1 mL injected into the centre of each grid, resulting in approximately 20 intradermal injections over the entire treated area. The target concentration was 50 IU per 100 cm². There was two follow-up visits (1 and 3 months: M1 and M3), and one end-of-study visit (6 months: M6). Patients were instructed not to use any concomitant topical or systemic medication throughout the treatment period, except for emollients and antiseptics. In the event of relapse, defined as the occurrence of new skin lesions in the treated areas necessitating one of these prohibited treatments, the patient was excluded from the study (but still followed-up for tolerance outcomes).

Outcomes

Several parameters were evaluated at each visit: The first parameter was QOL, evaluated by the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (45) (a score >10 is associated with a severe or very severe impact on QOL (46)). We also evaluated psychosocial impairment using HidroQoL (47); debilitating symptoms (itchiness, cutaneous pain, sweating and odour) using Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) (ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst case scenario)); and the number of infectious skin episodes (in the six months before and after the injections). The total surface area (cm²) was evaluated by totalling the surface of all selected areas. The severity of the lesions was evaluated on an individual basis using a 5-point photographic scale (0: no lesion, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe, 4: very severe), generated by the investigators and five other independent disease experts for the purpose of this study (see supplementary data S2). Global severity was defined as the average of the severity of each selected area. Clinical improvement was assessed by the treating investigator (AM) as well as a blinded investigator (ID) at M1, M3 and M6, using the IGA score (Improvement Global Assessment) (48), a validated 5-point scale, ranging from 0 to 4 (0: no improvement or exacerbation of the treated lesions / 1: slight improvement / 2: moderate improvement / 3: significant improvement or 4: complete disappearance of all lesions). In the event of discordance, mediation and moderation analysis were carried out. Patients were considered in treatment failure if the treated area did not improve throughout the study (non-responders to BtxA) or if they relapsed (occurrence of new skin lesions in the treated areas warranting the use of a prohibited treatment). Finally, tolerance was assessed during the injections using a VAS quoting pain from 0 to 10 (0: no pain, 10: maximal pain), and throughout the study period by reporting side effects. Patient satisfaction was recorded at the end-of-study visit according to a 4-point scale (very satisfied / satisfied / somewhat satisfied / dissatisfied).

Statistical considerations

A descriptive analysis was performed at each evaluation time (baseline, M1, M3 and M6) for each assessment criterion (mean, standard deviation, minimum – maximum for continuous variables; proportion for categorical variables). Before/after comparisons (each evaluation time vs. baseline, no comparison between the different follow-up evaluation times) were then performed using a Wilcoxon test for paired values. Disease severity at baseline (defined by the total surface area and the global severity) was compared between relapsing and non-relapsing patients using a Mann-Whitney test. For all tests, a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical tests were performed with STATA software.

A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Their characteristics are reported in Table 1. Most of the patients were suffering from HHD (n=26, 87%) with an equal percentage of men and women, over 55 years old on average. Mean disease duration exceeded 25 years and all patients had received previous therapies (30 (100%), 18 (60%) and 13 (43%) had undergone topical, systemic or interventional therapies, respectively).

TABLE: Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the 30 patients enrolled in the study

Patients’ characteristics
Age - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	55.8 (+15.5) [21.6 – 77.6]
Sex Ratio (F/M)	1
HHD - n (%) / DD - n (%)	26 (86.7) / 4 (13.3)
Family history of disease - n (%)	24 (80)
Age at first signs (Y) - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	28.9 (+13.9) [8 – 72]
Age at diagnosis (Y) - Mean (+SD) [min - max] Duration of the disease (Y) - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	41 (+17.2) [14 – 73] 27.1 (+16.5) [0.6 – 59.5]
Previous treatments
Topical treatments - n (%) Antiseptics, emollients, antibiotics Steroids Tacrolimus	30 (100) 30 (100) 30 (100) 7 (23)
Systemic treatments - n (%) Antibiotics Retinoids Steroids Antihistamines	18 (60) 17 (57) 3 (10) 3 (10) 2 (7)
Interventional treatments - n (%) Botulinum toxin CO₂ laser (laser ablation) Surgical dermabrasion Photodynamic therapy	13 (43) 6 (20) 7 (23) 1 (3) 8 (27)
Disease characteristics
Characteristics of the selected areas Number - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	3 (+1.2) [1 – 7]
Location - n (%)
Axillary fold (uni- or bilateral)	23 (77)
Inguinal fold (uni- or bilateral) Mammary fold (uni- or bilateral) Abdominal apron	20 (67) 11 (37) 5 (17)
Disease severity - Mean (+SD) [min - max]
Total surface area (cm²) Global severity (score/4)	271.7 (+208.2) [43 – 995] 2.89 (+0.68) [2 - 4]

Quality of life and psycho-social impairment
DLQI (score/30) - Mean (+SD) [min - max] DLQI >10 - n (%)	13 (+6.84) [1 – 26] 20 (66.7)
HidroQoL (score/36) - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	18.3 (+7.8) [5 – 35]
Functional symptoms - Mean (+SD) [min - max]
Itchiness (VAS/10)	4.3 (+2.71) [0 – 10]
Cutaneous pain (VAS/10)	4.63 (+2.86) [0 – 9]
Sweating (VAS/10)	5.8 (+2.65) [0 – 10]
· Odour (VAS/10)	4.79 (+3.05) [0 – 10]
Skin infections during the 6 months preceding the injections Number of episodes - Mean (+SD) [min - max]	5.69 (+8.16) [0 – 40]

Legend: D: Darier disease; DLQI: Dermatology Life Quality Index; F: Female; HHD: Hailey-Hailey disease; HidroQoL: Hyperhidrosis Quality of life index; M: Male; [min - max]: [minimum - maximum]; n: number of patients; %: percentage; SD: Standard Deviation; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; Y: year

The mean (+SD) number of selected areas per patient at baseline [min - max] was 3 (+1.2) [1 - 7], with the axillary fold being the main focus (77% of patients). The global severity score [min - max] was 2.9 (+0.81) [2 - 4], corresponding to 17% moderate, 43% severe and 40% very severe lesions. The mean (+SD) total treated surface area per patient [min - max] was 272 cm² (+208.2) [43 - 995], resulting in a mean (+SD) dose of BtxA [min - max] of 125 IU (+61.6) [20 - 200], with respect to the target concentration.

QOL was impaired for all patients, with a mean (+SD) DLQI score [min - max] of 13 (+6.84) [1 - 26], and 20 (66.7%) patients reporting a severe to very severe impact on their QOL. Severe psychosocial impairment was also noted with a mean (+SD) HidroQoL score [min - max] of 18.3 (+7.8) [5 - 35]. All (100%) patients reported debilitating functional symptoms, predominantly sweating (mean VAS (+SD) score [min – max] of 5.8 (+ 2.65) [0 - 10]).

The effects of BtxA are presented in Table 2. A total of 20 (66.7%), 19 (63.2%) and 15 (50%) patients improved (IGA>0), with a complete disappearance of the lesions in 6 (20%), 7 (23.3%) and 7 (23.3%) patients at M1, M3 and M6, respectively (Fig.1). No patient was classed as a BtxA non-responder, but 11 (36.7%) patients experienced a relapse during the study: 9 (30%), 0 (0%) and 2 (6.7%) patients at M1, M3 and M6, respectively. The condition of these relapsing patients was more severe at baseline compared to non-relapsing patients, with a mean (+SD) global severity score [min - max] of 3.21 (+0.65) [2.5 - 4] vs. 2.7 (+0.64) [2 - 4], p=0.05. Relapses were recorded in all locations and occurred in areas with very severe (45.5%), severe (45.5%) or moderate (9%) baseline lesions. The total surface area at baseline did not differ statistically between relapsing and non-relapsing patients (mean (+SD) total surface area [min - max] of 323 cm² (+294.8) [44 - 995] vs. 242.1 cm² (+137.9) [43 - 553], p=0.81.

Table 2: Effects of Botulinum toxin type A on the 30 patients enrolled in the study

	M1		M3		M6
Dropped-out patients – n (%)	9 (30)		9 (30)		11 (36.7)
Relapsing patients between [study period]: n (%)	[M0 – M1]: 9 (30)		[M1 – M3]: 0 (0)		[M3 – M6]: 2 (6.7)
Ongoing patients – n (%)	21 (70)		21 (70)		19 (63.3)
Improvement Global Assessment (IGA) – n (%) IGA0 IGA1 IGA2 IGA3 IGA4	1 (3.3) 3 (10) 2 (6.7) 9 (30) 6 (20)		2 (6.7) 1 (3.3) 4 (13.3) 7 (23.3) 7 (23.3)		4 (13.3) 2 (6.7) 0 (0) 6 (20) 7 (23.3)
Effectiveness parameters – mean score (+SD) & p-value* Disease severity: Total surface area (cm²) Global severity (score/4)	161.5 (+310.2) 2.17 (+1.14)	p=0.0002 p=0.004	106.2 (+162.9) 2.20 (+1.24)	p<0.0001 p=0.10	71.4 (+126.6) 1.99 (+1.09)	p<0.0001 p=0.02
Quality of life and psycho-social impairment: DLQI (score/30)	8.73 (+9.48)	p=0.006	5.14 (+6.27)	p<0.0001	4.5 (+5.93)	p=0.0001
HidroQoL (score/36)	12.47 (+10.77)	p=0.001	8.23 (+8.55)	p<0.0001	8.42 (+6.77)	p=0.0008
Functional symptoms: Itchiness (VAS/10)	1.96 (+2.82)	p=0.0002	1.82 (+2.31)	p=0.003	1.61 (+2.4)	p=0.001
Cutaneous pain (VAS/10)	1.82 (+2.41)	p<0.0001	1.64 (+2.32)	p=0.0004	1.85 (+2.8)	p=0.001
Sweating (VAS/10)	1.92 (+2.1)	p<0.0001	2.38 (+2.33)	p=0.0006	2.92 (+2.05)	p=0.0005
Odour (VAS/10)	1.2 (+2.21)	p<0.0001	1.89 (+2.54)	p=0.002	1.97 (+3.27)	p=0.005
Skin infections during the 6 months following the injections: Number of skin infections episodes (n)	_	_	_	_	0.37 (+1.21)	p=0.002

* Wilcoxon test for paired values (comparison between each evaluation points versus baseline); p-value considered statistically significant when <0.05 (bold print)

Legend: DLQI: Dermatology Life Quality Index; HidroQoL: Hyperhidrosis Quality of Life Index; IGA: Investigator Global Assessment; M1: 1^st month after BtxA injections; M3: 3^rd month after BtxA injections, M6: 6^th month after BtxA injections; n: number of patients; %: percentage; SD: Standard deviation; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale

Compared to baseline, all study parameters (Table 2, Fig. 2) were significantly and markedly improved by BtxA, with a reduction in values from 24% to 93%. This reduction was observed from M1 onwards, and persisted over time (despite some variations), remaining significantly lower at M6 compared to baseline, for all values. The mean (+SD) total surface area per patient was reduced by nearly 75% (p<0.0001), and the global severity score decreased by one point, from 2.89 (+0.68) to 1.99 (+1.01) (p=0.02), accounting for almost 50% of the treated lesions that completely disappeared or presented with mild severity at M6. QOL improved substantially, with the DLQI score more than halved (p=0.0001) at M6. Among the study parameters, only sweating and odours tended to rise once again after M1. Last but not least, skin infections were virtually non-existent during the study period (- 93%, p=0.002).

BtxA injections were well tolerated by the patients, with a mean (+SD) pain score during the injections [min - max] of 3.58/10 (+2.3) [0 - 8] evaluated by the patients. Seven patients (23%) experienced transient side effects during the injections: slight bleeding (16.5%), burning and tingling sensations (6.5%). Eight patients (27%) reported a mild, debilitating, clear fluid discharge from the treated areas starting within the first few days of injections and persisting for less than one month. No systemic side effects attributable to the BtxA injections were reported during patient follow-up. Finally, 12 patients (40%) declared that they were very satisfied with BtxA injections (9 (30%) satisfied / 2 (6.7%) somewhat satisfied / 7 (23.3%) dissatisfied). The dissatisfied patients corresponded mostly to the relapsing ones, whose dissatisfaction was related to discontinuation of their usual treatments, underlying insufficient global efficacy and relapse. Some rare patients also expressed dissatisfaction due to the pain felt during the injections.

This is the first prospective study demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of BtxA injections in the management of DD and HHD. The treatment is effective within the first month in two-thirds of patients, taking all study parameters into account including QOL, and continues to be effective during the 6-month follow-up period. No serious side effects were observed. A transient, clear fluid discharge at the injection site is a hitherto unreported side effect.

There are some limitations to our study. The first limitation is related to the small number of patients with DD. Nevertheless, the population was homogeneous since all patients had flexural inflammatory lesions. A second limitation could be the pilot design of the study, performed on 30 patients, thereby precluding some statistical analysis because of a lack of statistical power (i.e. improvement of global severity at M3 vs. baseline). Study follow-up was also limited to six months, which does not allow late relapses to be investigated. Given the lack of validated scores, we generated a 5-point photographic severity scale. No psychometric validation of this scale was performed in this study. Nevertheless, the fact that clinical severity (rated with this scale) and the other study parameters are moving in the same direction is indicative of the suitability of this tool.

Our results are difficult to compare with those of published small-scale retrospective case series or some clinical cases. In DD, BtxA was used in only three patients in whom a reduction in skin lesions in the treated areas was reported without any objective quantification (49-51). In HHD, BtxA proved effective in 27 patients (small-scale retrospective case series including no more than eight patients (43) or clinical cases (34-42)). Full or partial remissions were reported using variable dosages of BtxA. Maintenance sessions with variable intervals were initiated for some patients because of relapses occurring after 4 to 17 months.

Our study confirms the constant, rapid and persistent effectiveness of BtxA with specific information on the improved parameters over a 6-month period following prospective investigation. Our study is also the first to demonstrate an impact on QOL, deemed to be the most important parameter when assessing the impact of a new intervention (52).

An important aspect of our study is the characterisation of relapsing patients, who mostly corresponded to the most severe cases. These relapses were mostly early-onset and may have been influenced by the discontinuation of previous therapies not permitted during the study (i.e. local steroids). The dosage of BtxA may also have been too low taking the more severe cases into account, and higher dosage (> 50 IU/100 cm²) could be necessary for these patients. To our knowledge, no data are available regarding the management of HHD and DD with such higher dosages, but BtxA safety data in other diseases such as spasticity suggest that a maximum dose of 1000 IU per injection or 30 IU/kg per patient per injection (whichever is lowest) may be used (53). BtxA may also necessitate additional therapies or may be used as a combined treatment.

Similar to the retrospective studies, very few side effects such as burning, tingling and bleeding during the injections were reported in our study. Transient fluid discharge was not mentioned in the literature, possibly because the patients had forgotten this transient side effect by the time the data were collected. This could suggest that this side effect is not so debilitating. After questioning patients, this fluid discharge could be indicative of increased oozing from abraded skin.

This study extends the therapeutic use of BtxA beyond aesthetic medicine⁵⁴ and enhances our knowledge of the mechanism of BtxA. The fact that predilection for recurrent sweating and odours after M1 did not correlate with diminished efficacy may suggest that BtxA not only reduced sweating, but may have other biological effects in non-neuronal cells such as an anti-inflammatory effect (33).

Despite its safety and efficacy, the fact that BtxA is a non-licensed, expensive drug is also of significance. In terms of cost, biosimilars may be launched on the market over the next few years. Other issues are related to the fact that BtxA requires repeated interventions (because of a recurrence of the symptoms) via injections, some patients disliking injections or being needle phobic. Glogau et al. have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of topical botulinum toxin in axillary hyperhidrosis (55).

In conclusion, BtxA is a safe and effective treatment in the management of DD and HHD, thereby expanding the treatment portfolio available. Nevertheless, it may prove inadequate for the severest of cases and cost remains an issue. Further studies are required in order to evaluate additional/combined therapies.

ANSM : Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé

BtxA: Botulinum toxin type A

DD: Darier disease

DLQI: Dermatology Life Quality Index

HHD: Hailey-Hailey disease

IGA: Improvement Global Assessment

QOL: quality of life

VAS: Visual Analogue Scales

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved the 25, February 2015 by the institutional ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes - Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France) and the 31, July 2015 by the French national health authority, ANSM (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé). The implementation agreement was signed by the sponsor the 31, August 2015. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki 1975, revised 1983, and registered the 2, June 2015 under the European database Eudract identifier 2015-000379-29 and the 25, May 2016 under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02782702 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02782702?cond=NCT02782702&draw=2&rank=1).

Written consent was obtained from all patients.

Consent for publication: The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to publication of their case details.

Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated, used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding: Institutional funding – Institutional tender

Authors' contributions:

ID designed and coordinated the study, contributed to collecting data, performed the revision and the interpretation of all the clinical data and wrote the manuscript.

AM co-designed the study, performed the study visits and realized the Botulinum toxin A injections, contributed to the acquisition and the interpretation of data

LR, MM and HT contributed to collecting data.

VR contributed to the interpretation of data and realized the statistical analyses.

AS co-designed the study and contributed to the interpretation of data.

JMH co-designed and co-coordinated the study, contributed to the interpretation of data and co-wrote the manuscript.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements: We are extremely grateful to the patients who participated in the study and to the patient’s association for its support.

Acknowledgements:

The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to publication of their case details.

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Botulinum Toxin Injections as an Effective Treatment for Patients with Hailey-Hailey or Darier Disease: An open-label 6-month pilot interventional study

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Journal Publication

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Abstract

Figures

Background

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1