To detect chemicals, we proposed a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with hexagonal cladding and a hexahedron core (THz). Circular air holes (CAHs) in the vestibule provide the basis of the suggested sensor. To develop and evaluate our suggested hexahedron PCF sensor, we employed the finite element (FEM) technique and perfectly matched layers (PML), which utilized the optical parameters numerically. Here, 92.65%, 95.25%, and 90.70% are relatively sensitive, and confining losses are low. the value 5.40×10− 08, 6.70×10− 08 dB/m, and 5.75×10− 08 dB/m for three chemicals such as Ethanol (n = 1.354), Benzene (n = 1.366) and Water (n = 1.330) and effective material loss (EML) of 0.00694 cm− 1. The suggested Hx-PCF sensor has been successfully tested at 1 THz. We are certain that the suggested sensor's optimal geometric structure can be manufactured and that it can contribute to real-world applications in biomedicine and industry. In terahertz areas, our suggested PCF fiber is also suited for a wide range of medical signals and applications (THz).
Research Article
Efficient Way for Chemicals Identification Using Hexagonal Fiber with the Terahertz (THz) Band
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-865031/v1
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
Journal Publication
published 11 Apr, 2022
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Hexagonal Cladding PCF
Hexahedron Core
EML
PCF
Scattering Loss
etc.
Finding a chemicals anyplace on the planet is a needed effort, and detecting an unknown substance is a fascinating issue in research. Researchers are creating and designing new types of sensors to fulfill society's demands. Some of these substances are toxic to humans. Because it is considered the major ingredient, ethanol is a sort of chemical that is extensively used for a variety of reasons [1]. The alcohol and water components provide the majority of chemical solutions, and these two are regarded as the primary analyzers [2]. Because alcohol is colorless and has no flow, there has been a lot of study into how to detect it (types of chemical sensing [3–4]. For the safety of our health, an easy and accurate chemical sensing technique is therefore required. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has some distinct advantages over traditional fiber and is a boon to modern fiber-optic communication. This boosts communications sectors like telephony, various sensing types, and so forth [5–6]. Total internal reflection is the primary method for propagating light throughout a PCF with minimum confinement loss [7], high nonlinearity [8–10], zero-dispersion [11], and other properties. Such unique characteristics (guiding light) have propelled the PCFs to the forefront of liquid and dangerous chemical sensing. In addition to certain optical properties, namely effective material loss (EML) [12], birefringence [7], dispersion, confinement loss [13–14] or absorption loss [15], etc., this also causes a detection barrier. For several types of PCF architecture, the qualities listed above are examined in [16–17]. In [18–20] some outstanding works on chemical sensing were reported. Various types of PCF sensors for different types of analysis are mentioned in [21–26]. THz waves (from 0.1 to 10 THz) create a new era in the research field of fiber optic communication [27], biomedical engineering [28], chemical sensing [29], etc. This region covers the gap between microwave and infrared rays. THz sensing is more practicable than other sensors because of its great spatial resolution and lack of ionizing effects.
Recently, several research projects in the THz region related to chemical sensing have been conducted. Paul et al. [21] have recently achieved a 65.18 percent sensitivity through a folded PCF-shaped cladding. In 2017, alcohol sensitivity was also achieved with a porous PCF structure [30] of 69.09 percent. Using the TOPAS as a background material respectively for Benzene, Ethanol, and Water [31]. The authors reported that the fluids (tabuns and sarin liquids) were 64 percent sensitive in [33] using hexahedron cored PCF. Polytetrafluorethylene was used in Kanmani et al. [33] as background material and a slow core PCF to achieve 77.08%, 77.18%, and 77.23% sensitivity for Benzene, Ethanol, and Water, respectively. Because all of the studies mentioned above do not reveal a suitable level of Sensitivity, there are opportunities to improve Sensitivity.
We introduced the hexahedron PCF in this study to increase relative sensitiveness in the recognition of biochemicals and to reduce production simplification by making the geometric structure of the PCF simple. We have altered the core size and distance between the air holes to discover the ideal structural conditions, with low containment loss and low effective material loss. As a result, the proposed Hexahedron PCF sensor has an effective wide area, enabling the insertion of a high volume of the analyte. Furthermore, our proposed HX-PCF has the maximum relative Sensitivity after comparing the previous articles published [46–52] that are 92.65%, 95.25%, and 90.70%, and low CLs with the value of 5.40×10− 08, 6.70×10− 08 dB/m, and 5.75×10− 08 dB/m for three chemicals such as Ethanol, Benzene, and Water where EML is 0.00694 cm− 1 at monitoring conditions of 1 THz for the detection chemicals in the terahertz regime.
A hexagonal cladding, a hexahedron's core area, and field mode supplies for polarization of x and y at 1 THz are shown in Fig. 1, which shows the Hx-geometry. PCF's there are A1 and d1 for the cladding surface, and Ac and dc for the core surface of the hexahedron. The first layer of six circular air holes is located in the hexahedron's core area. TOPAS is the most often utilized polymer fiber in these THz-regime operations [33Due to its continuous refractive index of 0.1–1.5 THz [35–36], TOPAS glass also possesses a unique refractory index of 1,53. Because of this, our suggested HX-PCF working frequency range is 0,5–1,5 THz, in order to prevent altering the frequency's influence on TOPAS' refractive index. In addition, TOPAS has a larger coefficient of glass transition temperature, as well as a higher moisture sensitivity [37]. The performance of the suggested hexahedron PCF sensor was evaluated using the finite element approach. This layer absorbs boundary conditions during simulation, as well as a perfectly matched layer (PML). Using FEM, effective Mode Indexes were established to solve Maxwell's balancing. As an anti-reflective surface, the PML limiting layer absorbs PCF waves that are emitted [39]. The effective surface area, dispersion loss, V parameters, EML and FPF, and fiber CL are among the numerical characteristics of the THz range. As soon as the COMSOL Multiphysics Version 5 program was launched, the fiber began to spin.
We know that the relative sensitivity is determined with the procedure [39]:
R =\(\frac{{\text{n}}_{\text{a}}}{ {\text{n}}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}}\times P\) (1)
Refractive index for our study was 1.33 for Water. Neff is the effective guided mode index for the analyte, and the value of neff from the FEM method was obtained in respect of different frequencies during simulation. Figure 2 shows the efficient mode index value with the frequency for the x- mode and y-mode. The power factor ratio is referred to as P and the mathematical term is [40]:
P=\(\frac{{[ \int \text{R}\text{e}(\text{E}x, Hy, Ey, Hx \left)\text{d}\text{x}\text{d}\text{y}\right]}^{1}}{{[\int \text{R}\text{e}(\text{E}x, Hy, Ey, Hx )\text{d}\text{x}\text{d}\text{y}}^{1}}x100\) (2)
Where the x-mode and y-mode shows the electric field such as Ex and Ey respectively, Hx and Hy displays the magnetic field of the x and y-direction, respectively.
Figures 2 and 3 for equal divergences with optimal parameters and ± 2 percent variety parameters are shown in the RS frequency. The RS is similar to added cumulative mode between 1.0 THz and 0.8 THz from the graphical effect and reduces the RS from 1.10 THz to 3 THz for Ethanol, Benzene, and Water with frequency diversity. In the case of Ethanol (n = 1.354), Benzene (n = 1.366), and Water (n = 1.330), the relatively sensitive value obtained is 92.65%, 95.25%, and 90.70%.
The RS for benzene, ethanol and water, for the purposes of Fig. 3 are 96.02%, 93.23% and 91.07% for the 1 THz section, the RS for increased (+ 2%) parameters for five layers diameter.
Power fraction (PF) is one of the major properties to check the generation of fiber in various areas. The PF can be evaluated by [19],
η =\(\frac{\underset{\text{i}}{\int }{\text{S}}_{\text{z}}\text{d}\text{A}}{\underset{\text{a}\text{l}\text{l}}{\int }{\text{S}}_{\text{z}}\text{d}\text{A}}\) (3)
In the overall condition, the integration of the number is carried out in interested places such as core, cladding and materials etc. On the other hand, the denominator integration is displayed in the entire intersection area.
Figure 4 stipulates the PF counter with the recurrence at the perfect device. The PF increases from 0.80 THz to 1.50 THz, and the control division declines from 1.60 THz to 3 THz after that. After this, the recurrency increases. The highest power fraction standards for three substances: ethanol (n = 1.354), benzene (n = 1.366) and water (n = 1.330) are 74.55, 74.70 and 74.30
It can be shown in Fig. 5 that the peak rate of PF improves from 0.80 THz to 1.50 and the pinnacle of PF lowers from 1.60 THz to 3 THz with frequency wave variation. The peak PF standards are 75.40, 76.30, 74.90 for 3 chemicals such as Ethanol (n = 1.354), Benzene (n = 1.366) and Water (n = 1.330). They are 1 THz in increase (+ 2%) parameters for five layers diameter.
The EMI was shown in Fig. 6 for the two divergences of the ideal plan. The efforts to increase the EMI by the recurrence increases are observed. The highest estimate of EMI estimate begins at 1.27 with the recurrence of 0.8 THz, and the highest crest estimate was completed at 1.39, with the largest recurring value at 3 THz. EMI standards for 3 chemicals Ethanol (n = 1354), Benzene (n = 1,366), and Water (n = 1,330) at 1 THz, 1.29, 1.31 and 1,29 are respectively.
Figure 7 for ± 2% of the varieties with the perfect schedule is shown as opposed to recurrence. The increase in the repeat waves with the EMI was seen to be expanding. In this case, the EMI's first high esteem is 1.27, with its recurrence extending to 0,8 THz and an exceptional crest appreciation of 1.39, while the recurrence is 3 THz.
Effective area (EA) is the most optical property in any PCF fiber. It is known to us the larger EA-PCF also shows the high RS and the low CL. The effective area (EA) was therefore concluded definitely [18],
Aeff = \(\frac{{[ \int I\left(rt\right)rtdrt]}^{2}}{{[\int {I}^{2}(rt\left)drt\right]}^{2}}\), m2 (4)
Figure 8 shows the EA that agrees on the recurrence of the hexahedron PCF for superior construction. The EA decreases have concluded here that the recurrence rate increases from 0,8 − 3 THz. Extended effective area (EA) shows the large RS in the THz waveguide. In the process. EA for water, benzene and ethanol in 1 THz operating region 1.39 × 10− 7, 1.65 × 10− 7 m2 and 1.40 × 10− 7 m2.
The fiber is thoroughly designed with TOPAS, a very simple polymer. In any case, polymers are consumed excessively by the higher repetition. Therefore, due to these resources, a few misfortunes are being practiced. The misfortune arising from the tissue is usually known as effective material loss (EML). The effective material loss (EML) is calculated for this exam by following the appointment [18],
EML \(\left({\alpha }_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\right)\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{{Ɛ}_{0}}{{\mu }_{0}}}\) \(\left(\frac{\underset{\text{m}\text{a}\text{t} }{\int }{n}_{mat {\left|E\right|}^{2 {\alpha }_{\text{m}\text{a}\text{t}}}} dA}{.5*\left|\underset{all}{\int }(E*H.z)dA\right|}\right)\)(cm− 1) (5)
The HX−PCF EML was given in Fig. 9 by frequency changes and the EML by increasing frequency. For standard conditions, the EML continue 0.00694 cm− 1 to 1 THz.
Confinement loss is another visual loss typical of the PCF construction. The low CL-PCF also displays the in-height RS. Here, the expression containment loss was evaluated [18]:
$${ \text{L}}_{\text{c}}\left[\frac{\text{d}\text{B}}{\text{m}}\right] {= 8.686\text{K}}_{0} \text{I}\text{m} \left[{\text{n}}_{\text{e}\text{f}\text{f}}\right],$$
6
$${ \text{K}}_{0}=2\pi \left(\frac{\text{f}}{\text{c}}\right)$$
7
Where, K0 is the free wave number and Im is the imaginary part, f is the frequency and c are the speed of electromagnetic wave (c = 3 × 108 ms− 1).
Figure 10 shows the reactions of confinement loss (CL) with a recurrence in the optimum plan. The CL decreases to allow the recurrence wave beat to grow. It was also shown that the CLs continue to compete at 2.10 THz to 3 THz. The misfortunes of restriction are 5.40×10− 08, 6.70×10− 08 dB/m, and 5.75×10− 08 dB/m for chemicals like as Ethanol (n = 1.354), Water (n = 1.330) and Benzene (n = 1.366) at 1 THz. We see that the differences of the CL are much smaller than the optimal enterprise strictures of graphic outcomes.
Figure 11 shows that confinement losses (CL) are equal to a recurrence with ideal plan limitations for varieties ± 2 percent. In accordance with the upgrade of repeatability of the above figure, the CL is decreased. The CL remains consistent as shown in the recurrence from 2.10 THz to 3 THz. The CL are 7.92×10− 08, 7.60×10− 08 dB/m, and 7.55×10− 08 dB/m for three chemicals.
V-parameter shows the mode propagation of the PCF structure. So, V-parameter is calculated by the following equation [35]:
Where, the core radius is r, nco and ncl are signed by the EMI of the CA and cladding area.
A V-parameter is defined for the working system of the core diameter given in Fig. 12. It shows that the HX-PCF proposed shows single-mode properties for a long range of diameters. The functional incidence varieties of 0.80 THz to 3 THz have been examined in Fig. 12 and the swelling frequency of the V parameter is slightly extended. In addition, the V parameter grade is below 2.405 due to the total functional occurrence range. The proposed HX-PCF therefore becomes a distinctive methodological complaint that is applicable in the communications system.
The ERI of the PCF directly influences the dispersion profile. The β is the modal propagation constant. It can be acquired from the second order of Taylor expansion that is shown in [35]:
Where, Neff = Re (β)ω/c and ω = 2πf; For propagation mode, there are found two polarizations (x and y polarizations). There are two polarizations in propagation mode (x and y polarizations). The application of Eq was shown in Fig. 13. Figure 13 illustrates well that both polarization curves exert themselves to the left and the right with close-fitting behavior. A flat dispersion of 0.97 THz to 1.09 THz near zero has been observed in a larger frequency spectrum.
In some cases, multiple optical signals with almost the same pulse spread can be transmitted simultaneously. The lower dispersion value also allows the transmitted optical signal to have a greater bandwidth. There is also a flatted dispersion near zero over a larger frequency spectrum from 0.97 THz to 1.09 THz. In some cases, multiple optical signals with almost the same pulse spread can be transmitted simultaneously. The lower dispersion value also allows the transmitted optical signal to have a greater bandwidth. This type of behavior with optical parameters gives the proposed fiber a positive degree.
The ideal design and design of optical possibilities such as the RS and the CL of the HX-PCF have also shown ± 2 percent contrasts. Table 1 clearly shows a small sum of considerable differences between the ± 2% variations, and the RS and CL are ideal for relaxation. We thus choose excellent plans to escape the complexity of the manufacture. Therefore, ready to say firmly that for reasons of location for chemicals, the proposed HX-PCF structure within the industry or biomedicine regions is more reasonable.
|
Parameters (%) |
Relative sensitivity (%) |
Confinement loss (dB/m) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Water |
Ethanol |
Benzene |
Water |
Ethanol |
Benzene |
|
|
+ 2 % |
91.07 |
93.23 |
96.02 |
7. 55 × 10− 08 |
7. 92 × 10− 08 |
7. 55 × 10− 08 |
|
Optimum |
90.70 |
92.65 |
95.65 |
5. 75 × 10− 08 |
5.40 × 10− 08 |
6. 70 × 10− 08 |
|
-2 % |
89.40 |
91.05 |
94.05 |
7. 45 × 10− 08 |
7. 60 × 10− 08 |
7. 70 × 10− 08 |
Finally, Table 2 shows that the suggested HX-PCF is higher than the other PCFs. Thus, in both the optical waveguides and optical devices, the suggested PCF will play a vital role when the PCF is installed.
|
Prior in PCFs |
Operating region |
Relative Sensitivity (%) |
Confinement loss (dB/m) |
Design of structure |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Core |
Cladding |
||||
|
PCF1 [46] |
f = 1 THz |
60.05 |
1.43×10− 11 |
Rotated-Hexa circular holes |
Heptagonal |
|
PCF1 [47] |
f = 1.2 THz |
64.00 |
1.12×10− 11 |
Elliptical holes |
Quasi |
|
PCF1 [48] |
f = 1 THz |
74.54 |
7.72 × 10− 08 |
slotted core |
Quasi |
|
PCF1 [49] |
f = 1.3 THz |
78.80 |
2.19 ×10− 09 |
Elliptical holes |
Quasi |
|
PCF1 [50] |
f = 1 THz |
45.13 |
5.583 × 10− 05 |
Circular holes |
Hexagonal |
|
PCF1 [51] |
f = 1 THz |
55.56 |
1.00 |
Rhombic holes |
Hexagonal |
|
PCF1 [52] |
f = 1 THz |
80.93 |
1.23×10− 11 |
Elliptical hole |
Circular |
|
Proposed HX-PCF |
f = 1 THz |
92.65 |
5.40 × 10− 08 |
Hexahedron |
Hexagonal |
The creative approach is a critical component of the HX-PCF framework. PCFs are now developed using the most common methods of construction, such as tiresome, sol-gel, passenger plug, stack, and attraction. Lately, the Sol-gel [32–33] method has been tested to improve the sensor PCFs. The specific filling approach [34–35], on the other hand, results in the chemicals in the center zones being filled or stacked with any PCF fibers. As a result of selecting the feasible research on this specific supplementary strategy the framework, superior management qualities such as RS, mishaps, EA, TPF, and EMI are raised.
We suggested hexagonal cladding and hexahedron core based fiber for sensory and chemical detection. Here, we have used a perfectly matched layer (PML) and finite element method-based COMSOL software to design this fiber (HX-PCF) and obtain all of the numeric result outputs. 92.65%, 95.25%, and 90.70%, relative Sensitivity and low detainment losses with the value of the body are highest 5.40×10− 08, 6.70×10− 08 dB/m, and 5.75×10− 08 dB/m. The suggested HX-PCF sensors were developed at 1 THz for three chemicals, ethanol (n = 1,354), benzene (n = 1,366), and water (n = 1,330), with an effective material loss (EML) of 0,0694 cm− 1. The suggested sensor's improved geometrical structure is thought to be production friendly, allowing it to be used in real-world applications such as biomedicine and industry.
Competing Interest: "The authors declare that they have no competing interests."
Author's Contributions: All authors are equally contributed of this research work.
Availability of data and material: This paper has sufficient data which has been taken from COMSOL Multiphysics software by simulation the work.
Funding: The authors have not received any funding for this research.
Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to the participants who contributed to this
research. The authors have not received any funding for this research.
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