1 Vincent, J L, J Rello, J Marshall, E Silva, A Anzueto, C D Martin, et al., International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA, 2009. 302(21): 2323-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1754.
2 Pelletier, S J, D P Raymond, T D Crabtree, T G Gleason, T L Pruett, and R G Sawyer, Outcome analysis of intraabdominal infection with resistant gram-positive organisms. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2002. 3(1): 11-9. DOI: 10.1089/109629602753681113.
3 Schneider, C P, C Seyboth, M Vilsmaier, H Kuchenhoff, B Hofner, K W Jauch, et al., Prognostic factors in critically ill patients suffering from secondary peritonitis: a retrospective, observational, survival time analysis. World J Surg, 2009. 33(1): 34-43. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9805-4.
4 van de Groep, K, T L Verhoeff, D M Verboom, L D Bos, M J Schultz, M J M Bonten, et al., Epidemiology and outcomes of source control procedures in critically ill patients with intra-abdominal infection. J Crit Care, 2019. 52: 258-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.029.
5 De Waele, J, J Lipman, Y Sakr, J C Marshall, P Vanhems, C Barrera Groba, et al., Abdominal infections in the intensive care unit: characteristics, treatment and determinants of outcome. BMC Infect Dis, 2014. 14: 420. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-420.
6 Berlin, A and J M Johanning, Intraabdominal Infections in Older Adults. Clin Geriatr Med, 2016. 32(3): 493-507. DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2016.02.002.
7 Labricciosa, F M, M Sartelli, L M Abbo, P Barbadoro, L Ansaloni, F Coccolini, et al., Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Isolation of Multi-Drug-Resistant Organisms in Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2018. 19(3): 264-272. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.217.
8 Friedrich, A K and M Cahan, Intraabdominal infections in the intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med, 2014. 29(5): 247-54. DOI: 10.1177/0885066613476465.
9 Sartelli, M, F Catena, F M Abu-Zidan, L Ansaloni, W L Biffl, M A Boermeester, et al., Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference. World J Emerg Surg, 2017. 12: 22. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0132-7.
10 van Ruler, O, J J Kiewiet, K R Boer, B Lamme, D J Gouma, M A Boermeester, et al., Failure of available scoring systems to predict ongoing infection in patients with abdominal sepsis after their initial emergency laparotomy. BMC Surg, 2011. 11: 38. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-11-38.
11 Hecker, A, M Reichert, C J Reuss, T Schmoch, J G Riedel, E Schneck, et al., Intra-abdominal sepsis: new definitions and current clinical standards. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2019. 404(3): 257-271. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-019-01752-7.
12 Plaudis H, Rudzats A, Melberga L, Kazaka I, Suba O, Pupelis G. Abdominal negative-pressure therapy: a new method in countering abdominal compartment and peritonitis - prospective study and critical review of literature. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S23. DOI:10.1186/2110-5820-2-S1-S23.
13 Suarez-de-la-Rica A, Maseda E, Anillo V, et al. Biomarkers (Procalcitonin, C Reactive Protein, and Lactate) as Predictors of Mortality in Surgical Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2015;16(3):346-351. DOI:10.1089/sur.2014.178.
14 Suarez-de-la-Rica A, Anillo V, Montero A, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection. J Crit Care. 2017;38:104-108. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.031
15 Das, K, M Ozdogan, F Karateke, A S Uzun, S Sozen, and S Ozdas, Comparison of APACHE II, P-POSSUM and SAPS II scoring systems in patients underwent planned laparotomies due to secondary peritonitis. Ann Ital Chir, 2014. 85(1): 16-21.
16 Chong YP, Bae IG, Lee SR, et al. Clinical and economic consequences of failure of initial antibiotic therapy for patients with community-onset complicated intra-abdominal infections. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0119956. Published 2015 Apr 24. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119956.
17 Augustin, P, A Tran-Dinh, N Valin, M Desmard, M A Crevecoeur, C Muller-Serieys, et al., Pseudomonas aeruginosa post-operative peritonitis: clinical features, risk factors, and prognosis. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2013. 14(3): 297-303. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.084.
18 Papathanassoglou, E, N Middleton, J Benbenishty, G Williams, M D Christofi, and K Hegadoren, Systematic review of gender- dependent outcomes in sepsis. Nurs Crit Care, 2017. 22(5): 284-292. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12280.
19 Casimir, G J, N Lefevre, F Corazza, J Duchateau and M Chamekh, The Acid-Base Balance and Gender in Inflammation: A Mini-Review. Front Immunol, 2018. 9: 475. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00475. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00475.
20 Eskesen, A N, M A Belle and A Blomfeldt, Predictors of one-year all-cause mortality and infection-related mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Infect Dis (Lond), 2018. 50(10): 743-748. DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1470666.
21 Oh, T K, Y T Jeon, S H Do and J W Hwang, Pre-operative assessment of 30-day mortality risk after major surgery: the role of the quick sequential organ failure assessment: A retrospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2019. 36(9): 688-694. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000957.
22 Reintam Blaser, A, M L Malbrain, J Starkopf, S Fruhwald, S M Jakob, J De Waele, et al., Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems. Intensive Care Med, 2012. 38(3): 384-94. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2459-y.
23 Zhang, D, H Li, Y Li and L Qu, Gut rest strategy and trophic feeding in the acute phase of critical illness with acute gastrointestinal injury. Nutr Res Rev, 2019. 32(2): 176-182. DOI: 10.1017/S0954422419000027.
24 Xing, J, Z Zhang, L Ke, J Zhou, B Qin, H Liang, et al., Enteral nutrition feeding in Chinese intensive care units: a cross-sectional study involving 116 hospitals. Crit Care, 2018. 22(1): 229. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2159-x.
25 Li, H, D Zhang, Y Wang and S Zhao, Association between acute gastrointestinal injury grading system and disease severity and prognosis in critically ill patients: A multicenter, prospective, observational study in China. J Crit Care, 2016. 36: 24-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.05.001.
26 Hu, B, R Sun, A Wu, Y Ni, J Liu, F Guo, et al., Severity of acute gastrointestinal injury grade is a predictor of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients: a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Crit Care, 2017. 21(1): 188. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1780-4.
27 Uchino, S, J A Kellum, R Bellomo, G S Doig, H Morimatsu, S Morgera, et al., Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA, 2005. 294(7): 813-8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.7.813.
28 Suarez-de-la-Rica, A, V Anillo, A Montero, C Hernandez-Gancedo, A Lopez-Tofino, F Gilsanz, et al., Risk factors for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection. J Crit Care, 2017. 38: 104-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.031.
29 Tellor, B, L P Skrupky, W Symons, E High, S T Micek, and J E Mazuski, Inadequate Source Control and Inappropriate Antibiotics are Key Determinants of Mortality in Patients with Intra-Abdominal Sepsis and Associated Bacteremia. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2015. 16(6): 785-93. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2014.166.
30 Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):925-928. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0
31 Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
32 Liu L, Ni Y. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of specific syndromes created with organ-specific weighted incidence antibiograms (OSWIA) in patients with intra-abdominal infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):584. Published 2018 Nov 19. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3494-x33
33 Sartelli, M, F M Abu-Zidan, F Catena, E A Griffiths, S Di Saverio, R Coimbra, et al., Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study). World J Emerg Surg, 2015. 10: 61.
34 Abdel-Kader, S, M Sartelli and F M Abu-Zidan, Complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective validation study of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score. Singapore Med J, 2019. 60(6): 317-321.