New species
Trichoderma zoigense G.S. Gong & G.T. Tang, sp. nov. Figure 4.
MycoBank: MB 821143
Typification: CHINA. SICHUAN PROVINCE: Zoige Alpine Wetland, on soil, 29 June 2013, G.S. Gong T44 (holotype CGMCC3.20145). GenBank: ITS = KX632531; TEF = KX632588; RPB2 = KX632645; ACL1 = KX632702; GPD = KX632759.
Etymology: zoigense (Latin), the specific epithet in reference to the place where the type was found.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25 ℃ on all four media. On CMD after 72 h, growth is 25–28 mm at 20 ℃ and 28–31 mm at 25 ℃. Colony is dense and has a wavy to crenate margin. Surface becomes distinctly zonate and white to grayish-green but celadon to atrovirens later, and it is granular in the center and distinctly radially downy outside and shows whitish surface hyphae and reverse-diffusing croci to pale brown pigment. Aerial hyphae are numerous to punctate and long, forming radial strands, with white mycelial patches appearing in aged cultures. Autolytic excretions are rare, with no coilings observed. Conidiation noted after 3–4 d at 25 ℃, a yellow or greenish color appears after 7 d, conidiation is effuse and in intense tufts, erect conidiophores occur around the plug and on aerial hyphae, and they are mainly concentrated along the colony center, show a white color that turns green, and then finally degenerate, with conidia often adhering in chains. Conidiophores are short and simple with asymmetric branches. Branches produce phialides directly. Phialides are generally solitary along main axes and side branches and sometimes paired in the terminal position of the main axes, sometimes in whorls of 2–3. Phialides are 4.5–10.5 × 2–5 µm (x̄ = 7.5 ± 1.5 × 3 ± 0.5, n = 50) and 1.5–2.5 µm (x̄ = 2 ± 0.2) wide at the base, lageniform or ampulliform, mostly uncinate or slightly curved, less straight, and often distinctly widened in the middle. Conidia are 3–4.5 × 2.3–4 µm (x̄ = 3.5 ± 0.3 × 3 ± 0.3, n = 50) and initially hyaline, and they turn green and are oblong or ellipsoidal, almost with constricted sides, and smooth, eguttulate or with minute guttules, with indistinct scars.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 35–41 mm at 20 ℃ and 50–55 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5 d at 25 ℃. Colonies are dense with wavy to crenate margins; and mycelia are conspicuously differentiated in width of the primary and secondary hyphae. Surface becomes distinctly zonate, yellowish-green to prasinous in color and celadon to atrovirens later, and it is farinose to granular in the center, distinctly radially downy outside, with whitish of surface hyphae and reverse-diffusing brilliant yellow to fruit-green pigment. Aerial hyphae are numerous, long and ascend several millimeters, forming radial strands, with white mycelial patches appearing in aged cultures. Autolytic excretions are rare; and no coilings are observed. Odor is indistinct or fragrant. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d at 4.5–9 × 4.5–7.5 µm (x̄ = 6 ± 1.1 × 6 ± 0.7, n = 50), and they are terminal and intercalary, globose or ellipsoidal, and smooth. Conidiation is noted after 3–4 d and yellow or greenish after 7 d. Conidiophores are short and simple with asymmetric branches. Phialides are similar to CMD. Conidia are greenish, ellipsoidal, and smooth.
On SNA, after 72 h, growth is 13–15 mm at 20 C and, 16–21 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 12–13 d at 25 ℃. Colony is similar to that on CMD, with a little wave margin, although mycelia are looser and slower on the agar surface. Aerial hyphae are relatively inconspicuous and long along the colony margin. Autolytic activity and coiling are absent or inconspicuous. No diffusing pigment or distinct odor are produced. Conidiation noted after 3–4 d at 25 ℃, and many amorphous, loose white or aqua cottony tufts occur, mostly median from the plug outwards, and they are confluent to masses up and white but then turn green. From the inside after 4–5 d, conidiation becoming dense within the tufts, which are loose at their white margins with long, straight or slightly sinuous sterile ends in the periphery. Tufts consisting of a loose reticulum with branches often in right angles give rise to several main axes. Main axes are regular and tree-like, with few or many paired or unpaired side branches. Branches are flexuous and phialides are solitary along the main axes and side branches, and they are sometimes paired in terminal position of the main axes, sometimes in whorls of 2–3 that are often cruciform or in pseudo-whorls up to 4. Phialides and conidia are similar to that on CMD.
New records for China
Trichoderma atrobrunneum F. B. Rocha et al., Mycologia 107: 571, 2015.
Specimen examined: CHINA. SICHUAN PROVINCE: Zoige Alpine Wetland, on soil, 29 June 2013, G.S. Gong T42 (holotype CGMCC.20167). GenBank: ITS = KX632514; TEF = KX632571; RPB2 = KX632628; ACL1 = KX632685; GPD = KX632742.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25 ℃ on all media. On CMD, after 72 h, growth is 35–37 mm at 20 ℃ and 46–53 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are loose and thin; hyphae are narrow, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Aerial hyphae are slight, forming a thin white to green downy fluffy or floccose mat. Light brown or brown pigment is observed, with no distinct odor noted. Conidiophores are pyramidal, often with opposing and somewhat widely spaced branches, with the main axis and each branch terminating in a cruciate, sometimes verticillate, whorl of up to four phialides. Phialides are ampulliform to lageniform and 4.9–7.6 × 2.2–3.0 µm (x̄ = 6 ± 0.7 × 2.5 ± 0.2, n = 50) and 1.5–2.5 µm (x̄ = 1.5 ± 0.3) wide at the base. Conidia are 2.5–4 × 2.5–3.5 µm (x̄ = 3 ± 0.3 × 3 ± 0.2, n = 50), yellow to green, smooth, and circular to ellipsoidal.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 41–43 mm at 20 ℃ and 50–55 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show indistinct zonation. Mycelia are dense, opaque, and thick; hyphae are wide, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Margin is thick and defined. Aerial hyphae are abundant and form a thick green downy mat. Conidiation forms abundantly within 4 d in broad concentric rings. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 5–9 × 5.5–8.5 µm (x̄ = 6.5 ± 0.9 × 6.5 ± 0.9, n = 30), globose when terminal, smooth, and intercalary.
On SNA, after 72 h, growth is 33–35 mm at 20 ℃ and 38–40 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 7–8 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are thin and yellow to green; hyphae are wide and sinuous, with indistinct strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight, forming a thin green downy fluff appearing in the colony. Diffusing pigment observed in a ring, and no distinct odor noted. Conidiation is similar to CMD.
Accepted species previously reported in China
Trichoderma alni Jaklitsch, Mycologia 100: 799. 2008.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: Optimum growth at 25 ℃ on all media; no growth at 35 ℃. On CMD, after 72 h, growth of 34–36 mm at 20 ℃ and 50–51 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are loose and thin; hyphae are narrow and sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Aerial hyphae are slight and form a thin white to green downy, fluffy or floccose mat. No diffusing pigment or distinct odor is noted. Conidiophores are hyaline and thick, with side branches on several levels at the base of the elongations that are mostly paired and in right angles with phialides in whorls of 3–5. Phialides are 5.5–11.5 × 2–3.5 µm (x̄ = 8 ± 1.4 × 2.5 ± 0.4, n = 50) and 1.5–2.5 µm (x̄ = 2 ± 0.4) wide at the base, often short and wide, and ampulliform. Conidia are 3–4 × 2.5–3.5 µm (x̄ = 3.5 ± 0.2 × 3 ± 0.2, n = 50), dark green, smooth, and ellipsoidal.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 33–35 mm at 20 ℃ and 41–43 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 6–7 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show indistinct zonation. Mycelia are dense, opaque, and thick; hyphae are wide, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight, forming a thin white to green downy, fluffy or floccose mat. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 6–9.5 × 5–8 µm x̄ = 7.5 ± 0.9 × 7 ± 0.9, n = 30), globose to oval when terminal, and smooth, and few are intercalary.
On SNA, after 72 h, growth is 18–19 mm at 20 ℃ and 28–32 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 6–7 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are thin and yellow to green; hyphae are wide and sinuous and show indistinct strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight and form a thin white downy, fluffy or floccose mat appearing in distal parts of the colony. No diffusing pigment or distinct odor noted. Conidiation is similar to CMD.
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Mycol. Pap. 116: 38, 1969.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25 ℃ on all media. On CMD, after 72 h, growth is 34–38 mm at 20 ℃ and 46–53 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are loose and thin; hyphae are narrow, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Aerial hyphae are abundant and radiating and form thick green downy, fluffy or floccose mats. No diffusing pigment, but fragrant odor noted. Conidiophores are pyramidal with opposing branches, with each branch terminating in a cruciate whorl of up to four or five phialides. Phialides are frequently solitary or in a whorl of three or four. Phialides are ampulliform to lageniform and often constricted below the tip to form a narrow neck of 4.5–8 × 2–3.5 µm (x̄ = 6 ± 0.8 × 2.5 ± 0.3, n = 50) and 1–2.5 µm (x̄ = 2 ± 0.3) wide at the base. Conidia are subglobose to ovoid, 3–4.5 × 2.5–3.3 µm (x̄ = 3.5 ± 0.3 × 3 ± 0.2, n = 50), laurel-green to bright green, smooth, and ellipsoidal.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 41–43 mm at 20 ℃ and 50–55 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are dense, opaque, and thick; hyphae are wide and sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Margin is thick and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are abundant and radiating and form thick green downy, fluffy or floccose mats. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 5.5–9 × 5.5–9.0 µm x̄ = 7 ± 0.8 × 7 ± 0.8, n = 30), globose to oval when terminal and smooth and show an almost unobserved intercalary.
On SNA, after 72 h, growth is 33–35 mm at 20 ℃ and 38–40 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 7–8 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelia are thin and green; hyphae are narrow and sinuous and show indistinct strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight and form a thick downy, fluffy or floccose mat appearing in the colony. No diffusing pigment or, distinct fragrant odor noted. Conidiation similar to CMD.
Trichoderma polysporum Rifai, Mycol. Pap. 116: 18, 1969.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 20 ℃ on all media, no growth at 35 ℃. On CMD, after 72 h, growth is 14–16 mm at 20 ℃ and 9–12 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 9–10 d at 20 ℃. Colony is hyaline, thin and loose, with little mycelium on the agar surface, and it is indistinctly zonate but becomes zonate by conidiation in white tufts after 4–5 d and grass green to green after 6 d. Aerial hyphae are long and dense and forming little greenish aggregates that are granular to pulvinate. No pigment or odor. Conidiation noted after 4–5 d, and it is white to greenish, with sterile smooth to rough helical elongations in the distal zones from pustules. Conidiophores are hyaline and, thick with side branches on several levels at the base of the elongations that are mostly paired and in right angles with phialides in whorls of 2–5. Phialides are 5–10.5 × 2.5–4 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 1.9 × 3.5 ± 0.4, n = 50) and 2–4 µm (x̄ = 3 ± 0.5) wide at the base, often short and wide and ampulliform. Conidia are 2.5–4 × 2–3 µm (x̄ = 3.5 ± 0.4 × 2.5 ± 0.2, n = 50), hyaline, smooth, and ellipsoidal.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 24–26 mm at 20 ℃ and 13–16 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 8–9 days at 20 ℃. Colony is densest, distinctly zonate, and grass green to spearmint green; mycelia are conspicuously dense; and surface hyphae form radial strands. Aerial hyphae are long and dense and form greenish aggregates that are granular to pulvinate. No diffusing pigment and odor. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 5.5–9 × 5–7.5 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 0.9 × 6 ± 0.6, n = 30), globose to oval when terminal, and smooth, with an almost unobserved intercalary.
On SNA, growth is approximately 7 mm/d at 20 ℃ and 5 mm/d at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 10 d at 20 ℃. Colony is hyaline, thin, and loose, with little mycelium on the agar surface, not or indistinctly zonate, but becomes zonate by conidiation in white tufts after 4–5 d; and the margin is downy by long aerial hyphae, which degenerating/dissolving soon.
Trichoderma pyramidale W. Jaklitsch & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 107: 581, 2015.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25 ℃ on all media, with little growth at 35 ℃. On CMD, after 72 h, growth is 29–32 mm at 20 ℃ and 48–53 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelium is loose and thin; hyphae are narrow, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Aerial hyphae are slight, form a thin white to green downy, fluffy or floccose mat. Brown pigment is shown, but no distinct odor noted. Conidiophores are hyaline and thick with side branches on several levels at the base of the elongations that are mostly paired and in right angles with phialides in whorls of 3–5. Phialides are 5–9.5 × 2.5–3 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 1.1 × 3 ± 0.3, n = 50) and 1–2.5 µm (x̄ = 1.5 ± 0.3) wide at the base and often short, wide, and ampulliform. Conidia are 2.5–4 × 2.5–3.5 µm (x̄ = 3.5 ± 0.3 × 3 ± 0.2, n = 50), green, smooth, and ellipsoidal.
On PDA, after 72 h, growth is 41–43 mm at 20 ℃ and 50–55 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 5–6 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show indistinct zonation. Mycelia are dense, opaque, and thick; hyphae are wide, sinuous and often form strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight and form a thin white to green downy, fluffy or floccose mat. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 5.5–10 × 5.5–10 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 0.9 × 7 ± 0.9, n = 30), globose to oval when terminal or intercalary, and smooth.
On SNA, after 72 h, growth is 33–35 mm at 20 ℃ and 38–40 mm at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 7–8 d at 25 ℃. Colonies show distinct zonation. Mycelium is thin, yellow to green; hyphae are wide, sinuous, with indistinct strands on the margin. Margin is thin and ill defined. Aerial hyphae are slight and form a thin white downy, fluffy or floccose mat in distal parts of the colony. No diffusing pigment or distinct odor noted. Conidiation similar to CMD.
Trichoderma rossicum Bissett et al., Canad. J. Bot. 81: 578, 2003.
Description: Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25 ℃ on all media. On CMD, growth of 10–11 mm/d at 20 ℃ and 15–17 mm/d at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 6–7 d at 20 ℃. Colony is dense with a wavy margin, and the surface becomes distinctly zonate. Aerial hyphae are numerous, long, and villiform in the plate. No diffusing pigment or odor. Autolytic activity is variable, and coilings are scarce or inconspicuous. Conidiation noted after 3–4 d at 20 ℃. Conidiation is effuse and in intense tufts that are hemispherical or irregular, and they show wide wheel grain banding that is gray green to deep green. Conidiophores radiate from the reticulum and are broad, straight, sinuous or helically twisted, show distally slightly pointed elongations, taper from the main axes to top branches, and present primary branches arranged in pairs or in whorls of 2–3, with secondary branches to solitary. Phialides are 4.5–14 × 2.5–4 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 1.5 × 3.5 ± 0.3, n = 50) and 2–3.5 µm (x̄ = 3 ± 0.4) wide at the base, ampulliform, and in whorls of 3–6. Conidia are 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–4 µm (x̄ = 4.5 ± 0.5 × 3 ± 0.2, n = 50), short cylindrical, and a gray color when single and pea green to yellow green in a group.
On PDA, growth is 12–15 mm/d at 20 ℃, 12–16 mm/d at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 4–5 d at 25 ℃. Colony is denser with a wavy margin than that on CMD, and the surface is distinctly zonate. Aerial hyphae are numerous, long, and villiform to pulvinate in the plate. No diffusing pigment and odor. Autolytic activity is variable, coilings are scarce or inconspicuous. Chlamydospores examined after 7 d are 6.5–9.5 × 6–9 µm (x̄ = 7 ± 1.0 × 7 ± 0.9, n = 30), terminal and intercalary, globose or ellipsoidal, and smooth.
On SNA, growth is 8–13 mm/d at 20 ℃ and 8–12 mm/d at 25 ℃; and mycelium covers the plate after 6–7 d at 25 ℃. Colony is hyaline, thin and dense; and mycelium degenerate rapidly. Aerial hyphae are inconspicuous, autolytic activity is scant, and coilings are distinct. Conidiation noted after approximately 4 d and starts in white fluffy tufts spreading from the center to form concentric zones, and they compact to pustules with a white to greenish color.