Ali NS, Khuwaja AK (2014) Magnitude and factors associated with child abuse in a mega city of developing country Pakistan. Iranian journal of pediatrics 24(2):140
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS (2009) Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am 32(3):483–524. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002
Berzenski SR, Madden AR, Yates TM (2019) Childhood emotional abuse characteristics moderate associations with adult psychopathology and caregiving. Child Abuse Negl 87:77–87
Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM (1997) The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(4):545–553. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018
Bonevski D, Novotni A (2008) [Child abuse in panic disorder]. Medicinski Pregled 61:169–172. doi:10.2298/MPNS0804169B
Calhoun BH, Ridenour TA, Fishbein DH (2019) Associations between Child Maltreatment, Harsh Parenting, and Sleep with Adolescent Mental Health. J Child Fam Stud 28(1):116–130
Campisi, S. C., Wasan, Y., Soofi, S., Monga, S., Korczak, D. J., Lou, W.,.. . Bhutta,Z. A. (2019). Nash-wo-Numa (childhood growth & development)study protocol: factors that impact linear growth in children 9 to 15 years of age in Matiari, Pakistan. BMJ Open, 9(6), e028343. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028343
CDGK. AAf (2007) Karachi strategic development plan 2020. Retrieved from
Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A (2003) Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(8):837–844. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837
Dabkowska M, Dabkowska-Mika A (2015) A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders,
De Venter M, Van Den Eede F, Pattyn T, Wouters K, Veltman DJ, Penninx BW, Sabbe BG (2017) Impact of childhood trauma on course of panic disorder: contribution of clinical and personality characteristics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 135(6):554–563
Goodwin R, Fergusson D, Horwood L (2005) Childhood abuse and familial violence and the risk of panic attacks and panic disorder in young adults. Psychological medicine 35:881–890. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003265
Goodwin RD, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2005) Childhood abuse and familial violence and the risk of panic attacks and panic disorder in young adulthood. Psychol Med 35(6):881–890. doi:10.1017/s0033291704003265
Joshi A, Kukreja S, De Sousa A, Shah N, Sonavane S, Karia S, & A., S (1 july 2013) Frequency and types of anxiety-related emotional disorders in secondary school children in an urban population from India. German J Psychiatry., 16, 112–118
Karachi. (27-4-2014). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi
Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A (2019) A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 1–15
Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB (2007) Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20(4):359
Kraan TC, Velthorst E, Themmen M, Valmaggia L, Kempton MJ, McGuire P,.. . Study E-G H. R (2017) Child Maltreatment and Clinical Outcome in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis in the EU-GEI High Risk Study. Schizophr Bull 44(3):584–592. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw162 %J Schizophrenia Bulletin
Lakhdir M, Farooq S, Khan U, Parpio Y, Azam I, Razzak J,.. . Kadir M (2017) Factors Associated With Child Maltreatment Among Children Aged 11 to 17 Years in Community Settings of Karachi, Pakistan, Using Belsky Ecological Framework. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 088626051772697. doi:10.1177/0886260517726973
Lakhdir M, Kadir M, Azam I, Parpio Y, Khan U, Razzak J (2016) 468 Prevalence of child abuse among children aged 11 to 17 years old in community settings of Karachi, Pakistan
Lakhdir MPA, Peerwani G, Soomar SM, Nathwani AA, Farooq S, Ali NA,.. . Azam SI (2021) Longitudinal Association Between Parental-to-child-maltreatment and Self-reported Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symtoms in Pakistani Adolescents
McLaughlin KA, Kubzansky LD, Dunn EC, Waldinger R, Vaillant G, Koenen KC (2010) Childhood social environment, emotional reactivity to stress, and mood and anxiety disorders across the life course. Depress Anxiety 27(12):1087–1094. doi:10.1002/da.20762
McLaughlin KA, Peverill M, Gold AL, Alves S, Sheridan MA (2015) Child Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 54(9):753–762. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010
Meng X, D'Arcy C (2016) Gender moderates the relationship between childhood abuse and internalizing and substance use disorders later in life: A cross-sectional analysis. BMC Psychiatry 16:401. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1071-7
Mills R, Scott J, Alati R, O’Callaghan M, Najman JM, Strathearn LJC a., & neglect (2013) Child maltreatment and adolescent mental health problems in a large birth cohort. 37(5), 292–302
Moreno-Peral P, Conejo-Cerón S, Motrico E, Rodríguez-Morejón A, Fernández A, García-Campayo J,.. . Ángel Bellón J (2014) Risk factors for the onset of panic and generalised anxiety disorders in the general adult population: A systematic review of cohort studies. J Affect Disord 168:337–348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.021
Nurius P, LaValley K, Kim M-H J. S. m. h (2020) Victimization, poverty, and resilience resources: stress process considerations for adolescent mental health. 12(1), 124–135
Pagano ME, Rende R, Rodriguez BF, Hargraves EL, Moskowitz AT, Keller MB (2007) Impact of parental history of substance use disorders on the clinical course of anxiety disorders. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention Policy 2(1):13. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-13
Ringdal R, Bjørnsen HN, Espnes GA, Eilertsen B, M.-E., & Moksnes UK (2020) Bullying, social support and adolescents’ mental health: Results from a follow-up study. Scand J Public Health, 1403494820921666. doi:10.1177/1403494820921666
Safren SA, Gershuny BS, Marzol P, Otto MW, Pollack MH (2002) History of childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 190(7):453–456. doi:10.1097/00005053-200207000-00005
Smokowski PR, Bacallao ML, Cotter KL, Evans CBR (2015) The Effects of Positive and Negative Parenting Practices on Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes in a Multicultural Sample of Rural Youth. Child Psychiatry Human Development 46(3):333–345. doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0474-2
Stapinski LA, Bowes L, Wolke D, Pearson RM, Mahedy L, Button KS,.. . Araya R (2014) Peer victimization during adolescence and risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood: a prospective cohort study. Depress Anxiety 31(7):574–582. doi:10.1002/da.22270
Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Alink LR, van IJzendoorn MH (2015) The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Rev 24(1):37–50
WHO (2017) The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health 2016 annual report: coming of age in a time of transition. Retrieved from
Wildeman C, Emanuel N, Leventhal JM, Putnam-Hornstein E, Waldfogel J, Lee H (2014) The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA pediatrics 168(8):706–713
Yu L, Shek DT, Zhu X (2018) The influence of personal well-being on learning achievement in university students over time: Mediating or moderating effects of internal and external university engagement. Frontiers in psychology 8:2287
Zolotor AJ, Runyan DK, Dunne MP, Jain D, Péturs HR, Ramirez C,.. . Muhammad T (2009) ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children's Version (ICAST-C): Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse Negl 33(11):833–841