All tables depict characteristics and parameters according to the group and for overall males, as well as overall and pairwise p-value comparisons. Tables 2 to 5 characterize patients’ background, Tables 6 to 10 describe COVID-19 presentation and proposed therapeutical approaches, and Tables 10 to 15 depict COVID-19 related outcomes.
Patients’ characterization
A total of 305 males were included in the present study. Of these, 192 did not present AGA (non-AGA group) and 123 had current or history of AGA, from which 71 did not use dutasteride (AGA no-5ARi group) and 52 did (AGA-5ARi group). There was no dropout for clinical and disease progression outcomes.
Table 2 details baseline characteristics, Table 3 describes the prevalence of the most common comorbidities. Table 4 depicts the medications used on a chronic and regular basis, and Table 5 depicts vaccines and lifestyle.
Baseline characteristics (Table 2) were similar between groups, including age, body mass index (BMI), percentage of married males and percentage of males living alone, whereas non-AGA males were slightly but significantly taller than AGA males from both 5ARi and no-5ARi groups.
The major and prevailing diseases were present in similarly present in all groups (Table 3), while chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and current cancer were absent. Autoimmune disorders and previous cancer were present in less than three patients. None of the medications for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, hormonal dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders disclosed differences between groups (Table 4). Warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors, heparins, acarbose, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and inhibitors, non-steroidal antiandrogens (NSAA), finasteride and oral minoxidil was not used by any participant. The percentage of males that received vaccines for BCG, influenza and pneumococcal was, and that practiced physical activity regularly was similar between groups (Table 5).
Table 2. Baseline characteristics.
Baseline characteristics
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Age (y/o)
|
43.9 ± 10.8
|
43.1 ± 11.2
|
45.2 ± 9.0
|
45.5 ± 11.3
|
0.26 (n/s)
|
Height (m)
|
1.76 ± 0.06
|
1.77 ± 0.06*#
|
1.74 ± 0.05
|
1.74 ± 0.04
|
< 0.0001
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
26.9 ± 3.7
|
26.9 ± 3.7
|
26.9 ± 4.2
|
26.3 ± 3.0
|
0.18 (n/s)
|
Married (yes/no)
|
235 (76.2%)
|
147 (76.6%)
|
52 (80.3%)
|
36 (69.2%)
|
n/a
|
Households (yes/no)
|
51 (16.2%)
|
29 (15.1%)
|
10 (14.1%)
|
12 (23.1%)
|
n/a
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
*p<0.05 vs AGA no-ARi males
#p<0.05 vs AGA-ARi males
Table 3. Existing disorders.
Comorbidities
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Hypertension
|
39 (20.3%)
|
39 (20.3%)
|
15 (21.1%)
|
13 (25.0%)
|
0.74 (n/s)
|
Myocardial infarction
|
13 (4.1%)
|
6 (3.1%)
|
5 (7.0%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.63 (n/s)
|
Stroke
|
4 (1.3%)
|
3 (1.6%)
|
1 (1.4%)
|
0
|
n/a
|
Chronic Heart Failure (CHD)
|
1 (0.3%)
|
1 (0.5%)
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
Lipid disorders
|
110 (34.9%)
|
63 (32.8%)
|
21 (29.6%)
|
26 (50.0%)&
|
0.064 (n/s)
|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM)
|
39 (12.4%)
|
21 (10.9%)
|
9 (21.7%)
|
9 (17.3%)
|
0.44 (n/s)
|
Pre-diabetes
|
14 (4.4%)
|
9 (4.7%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
0.97 (n/s)
|
Dysglycemia
(T2DM + pre-diabetes)
|
53 (16.8%)
|
30 (15.6%)
|
11 (24.5%)
|
12 (24.1%)
|
0.69 (n/s)
|
Obesity
|
52 (16.5%)
|
31 (16.1%)
|
12 (16.9%)
|
9 (17.3%)
|
0.96 (n/s)
|
Asthma
|
22 (7.0%)
|
12 (6.2%)
|
8 (11.3%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.75 (n/s)
|
Major depression
|
12 (3.8%)
|
5 (2.6%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.54 (n/s)
|
Anxiety-related disorders
|
40 (12.7%)
|
22 (11.5%)
|
10 (14.1%)
|
8 (15.4%)
|
0.85 (n/s)
|
Attention deficiency and hyperactive disorders (ADHD)
|
33 (10.5%)
|
18 (9.4%)
|
9 (12.7%)
|
6 (11.5%)
|
0.69 (n/s)
|
Insomnia
|
25 (7.9%)
|
13 (6.8%)
|
7 (9.8%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.61 (n/s)
|
Hypothyroidism
|
13 (4.1%)
|
9 (4.7%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.88 (n/s)
|
Hypogonadism
|
34 (10.8%)
|
24 (12.5%)
|
7 (9.9%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
0.44 (n/s)
|
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
|
13 (4.1%)
|
6 (3.1%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.18 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
*p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi males
#p<0.0001 vs AGA-ARi males
& p<0.05 vs no-5ARi users (non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi)
Table 4. Medications used at regular and chronic basis by COVID-19 males.
Current medications
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Beta-blocker
|
18 (5.7%)
|
8 (4.2%)
|
6 (8.5%)
|
4 (7.7%)
|
0.83 (n/s)
|
Angiotensin converter inhibitors (ACEi)
|
26 (8.3%)
|
17 (8.9%)
|
4 (5.6%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.91 (n/s)
|
Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARB)
|
54 (17.1%)
|
30 (15.6%)
|
14 (19.7%)
|
10 (19.2%)
|
0.84 (n/s)
|
Loop diuretics
|
2 (0.6%)
|
1 (0.5%)
|
0
|
1 (1.9%)
|
n/a
|
Thiazide diuretics
|
26 (8.3%)
|
15 (7.8%)
|
7 (9.9%)
|
4 (7.7%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
|
26 (8.3%)
|
13 (6.8%)
|
6 (8.4%)
|
7 (13.5%)
|
0.76 (n/s)
|
K-sparing diuretics
|
3 (0.9%)
|
1 (0.5%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
0
|
n/a
|
Statins
|
100 (31.7%)
|
57 (29.7%)
|
18 (25.3%)
|
25 (48.1%)
|
0.072 (n/s)
|
Other lipid lowering agents
|
52 (16.5%)
|
31 (16.1%)
|
12 (16.9%)
|
9 (17.3%)
|
n/a
|
Aspirin
|
10 (2.8%)
|
5 (2.6%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
n/a
|
Clopidogrel
|
3 (0.9%)
|
3 (2.6%)
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
Xa factor inhibitors
|
12 (4.8%)
|
8 (4.2%)
|
4 (5.6%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Metformin
|
63 (20.0%)
|
36 (18.7%)
|
15 (21.1%)
|
12 (23.1%)
|
0.88 (n/s)
|
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor analogues (GLP-1Ra)
|
21 (6.7%)
|
12 (6.2%)
|
6 (8.4%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
0.96 (n/s)
|
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i)
|
24 (7.6%)
|
13 (6.8%)
|
6 (8.4%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.94 (n/s)
|
Di-peptyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (DPP4i)
|
15 (4.8%)
|
8 (4.2%)
|
3 (4.2%)
|
4 (7.7%)
|
0.95 (n/s)
|
Sulfonylureas
|
3 (0.9%)
|
2 (1.0%)
|
0
|
1 (1.9%)
|
n/a
|
Pioglitazone
|
5 (1.6%)
|
4 (2.1%)
|
1 (1.4%)
|
0
|
n/a
|
Insulin
|
3 (0.9%)
|
2 (1.0%)
|
1 (1.4%)
|
0
|
n/a
|
Orlistat
|
31 (9.8%)
|
21 (10.9%)
|
8 (11.3%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.71 (n/s)
|
Levothyroxine
|
14 (4.4%)
|
10 (5.2%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.88 (n/s)
|
Testosterone
|
23 (7.3%)
|
17 (8.8%)
|
5 (7.0%)
|
1 (1.9%)
|
0.74 (n/s)
|
Aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole; letrozole) or Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
|
5 (1.6%)
|
5 (2.6%)
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
Hypnotics
|
23 (7.3%)
|
12 (6.2%)
|
4 (5.6%)
|
7 (13.5%)
|
0.70 (n/s)
|
Selective serotonin reuptaker inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
31 (9.8%)
|
15 (7.8%)
|
6 (8.4%)
|
10 (19.2%)
|
0.44 (n/s)
|
Other antidepressants and humor stabilizers
|
17 (5.4%)
|
9 (4.7%)
|
6 (8.4%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
0.88 (n/s)
|
Benzodiazepines
|
7 (2.2%)
|
4 (2.1%)
|
1 (1.4%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Atypical antipsychotics
|
2 (0.6%)
|
2 (1.0%)
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants
|
38 (12.1%)
|
23 (12.0%)
|
7 (9.9%)
|
8 (15.4%)
|
(n/s)
|
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockers
|
10 (3.2%)
|
5 (2.6%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
|
33 (10.5%)
|
17 (8.9%)
|
8 (11.3%)
|
8 (15.4%)
|
0.76 (n/s)
|
Omega 3
|
13 (4.1%)
|
8 (4.2%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Vitamin D
|
42 (13.3%)
|
23 (12.0%)
|
10 (14.1%)
|
9 (17.3%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Zinc
|
12 (3.8%)
|
7 (3.6%)
|
4 (5.6%)
|
1 (1.9%)
|
> 0.8 (n/s)
|
Biotin
|
9 (2.9%)
|
1 (0.5%)
|
3 (4.2%)
|
5 (9.6%)
|
0.58 (n/s)
|
Vitamin C
|
27 (8.6%)
|
18 (9.4%)
|
7 (9.9%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
*p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi males
#p<0.0001 vs AGA-ARi males
& p<0.05 vs no-5ARi users (non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi)
Table 5. Vaccines and lifestyle.
Vaccine and lifestyle
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Vaccine - BCG
|
305 (100%)
|
192 (100%)
|
71 (100%)
|
52 (100%)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
Vaccine – Influenza (2020)
|
44 (14.0%)
|
26 (13.5%)
|
11 (15.5%)
|
7 (13.5%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Vaccine – Pneumococcal (since 2017)
|
34 (10.8%)
|
18 (9.4%)
|
10 (14.1%)
|
6 (11.5%)
|
0.84 (n/s)
|
Current smoking
|
10 (3.2%)
|
6 (3.1%)
|
2 (2.8%)
|
2 (3.8%)
|
> 0.9 (n/s)
|
Regular physical activity
|
98 (31.1%)
|
56 (29.2%)
|
20 (28.2%)
|
22 (42.3%)
|
0.31 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
COVID-19 characterization and proposed treatment
Tables 6 to 9 detail the characterization of COVID-19 and proposed treatments. Table 6 describes the rates of each cluster of clinical manifestations. Table 7 depicts the mean presence, duration, and time-to-appearance of each symptom. Table 8 describes the major drugs used as proposed anti-COVID treatments and Table 9 describes additional drugs and supplements prescribed at an individual basis.
In regards with COVID-19 types of clinical presentation (Table 6), anosmia-ageusia dominance was more prevalent in non-AGA than AGA no-5ARi males. Dengue-like manifestations were more present in AGA no-5ARi than 5ARi males, and more present in 5ARi users than non-users. URTI-like symptoms were more present in non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi users than ARI-5ARi males. Mixed and unspecific presentations were similarly present in all groups. The majority of 5ARi users were either asymptomatic or presented anosmia and/or ageusia as the most remarkable or only clinical symptom.
Clinical manifestations presented wide differences in terms of percentage of presence, time to appearance and duration for multiple symptoms (Table 7). In terms of percentage of male patients with COVID-19 presenting each symptom, those present in more than 50% include anosmia (68.9%) and ageusia (61.2%). Those presented in between one quarter and half of COVID-19 males include headache (37.5%), hyporexia (37.5%), fatigue (35.2%), dry cough (35.2%), fever or “feverish” (33.9%), thoracic pain (32.4%), conjunctival hyperemia (29.5%), weakness (29.5%), nasal congestion or rhinorrhea (28.6% and myalgia (26.3%. Symptoms present in 10% to 25% of patients include “sore throat” (23.5%, “feverish” alone (22.5%), diarrhea (20.9%), dizziness (17.5%), upper back pain (14.0%) and fever alone (11.4%). Symptoms present in less than 10% but in a non-negligeble number of patients include arthralgia (9.2%), shortness of breath (6.3%), “sinusitis” (6.3%), nauseas (5.7%). lower back pain (4.1%), abdominal pain (4.1%) and pre-orbital pain (3.5%).
Symptoms that appeared earlier in COVID-19 (< 1.6 day from the first symptom; in days) include nasal congestion or rhinorrhea – 1.0 ± 0.1, nauseas – 1.3 ± 0.7, pre-orbital pain – 1.3 ± 0.6, “feverish” – 1.4 ± 0.8, fever – 1.4 ± 0.7, arthralgia – 1.4 ± 0.6 , abdominal pain – 1.4 ± 0.7, dizziness – 1.5 ± 0.9, weakness – 1.5 ± 0.9, conjunctival hyperemia – 1.6 ± 0.9, headache – 1.6 ± 0.9 , “sinusitis” – 1.6 ± 0.8, fatigue – 1.6 ± 0.9 and myalgia – 1.6 ± 0.9. Later symptoms (> 3.5 days since first symptom) include anosmia – 3.8 ± 1.4, ageusia – 3.9 ± 1.4 and shortness of breath – 4.4 ± 1.1 (Table 7).
At least in patients treated for COVID-19 (Table 7), symptoms with lower duration (< 3.1 days) include dizziness – 1.7 ± 1.0, shortness of breath – 2.3 ± 0.9, arthralgia – 2.5 ± 1.2, abdominal pain – 2.6 ± 1.3, nauseas – 2.8 ± 1.2, “feverish” – 2.9 ± 1.3, fever – 3.1 ± 1.4 and weakness – 3.1 ± 2.2. Symptoms with intermediate duration (3.1 to 5 days) include diarrhea – 3.2 ± 1.9, myalgia – 3.6 ± 1.8, pre-orbital pain – 3.6 ± 1.6, lower back pain – 3.9 ± 1.5, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea – 4.0 ± 2.0, hyporexia – 4.3 ± 2.0, thoracic pain – 4.3 ± 2.2, upper back pain – 4.3 ± 1.8 and conjunctival hyperemia – 4.9 ± 2.1. Symptoms that persist for longer periods of time (> 5 days) include dry cough – 5.3 ± 2.4 , headache – 5.5 ± 2.4, “sore throat” – 5.5 ± 1.9, “sinusitis” – 7.2 ± 2.6, ageusia – 7.4 ± 5.1, anosmia – 7.9 ± 5.5 and fatigue – 8.4 ± 4.6.
Besides being highly heterogeneous, rate, duration and time-to-appearance of symptoms varied particularly according to the presence of male AGA and use of dutasteride.
Among 5ARi users, fever, shortness of breath, “sinusitis”, dizziness, myalgia, arthralgia, thoracic pain, lower back pain were absent, while only one patient presented “feverish”, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea, “sore throat”, fatigue, weakness, upper back pain, nauseas, vomiting, abdominal pain and pre-orbital pain, and two patients that presented headache, dry cough, diarrhea and conjunctival hyperemia (Table 7). The only symptoms that were not negligeable among 5ARi users were anosmia and ageusia. In common, all symptoms were significantly less present in AGA-ARi males compared to non-AGA, AGA no-ARi, and overall ARi males, except for nauseas, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pre-orbital pain, since these were also present in very few patients in all groups. Because of the lack of symptomatology, except for anosmia and ageusia, time of appearance and duration were only feasible to be compared between non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males (Table 7).
Fever was present in similar patterns between non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males. Although presence of feeling of fever with no fever confirmed (“feverish”) was also similar between these two groups, in non-AGA males duration was slightly but significantly lower than AGA no-5ARi. Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea had the same patterns and difference in terms of duration compared to “feverish”. Non-AGA had less and lower duration of headache than AGA no-5ARi males, while time to appearance was similar between them. Shortness of breath had similar presence rate, time to appearance and duration between non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males.
Anosmia was present in a similar percentage of non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males, and more present in these two groups than in 5ARi users. Time to appearance and duration of anosmia was significantly higher in AGA no-5ARi than non-AGA and AGA-5ARi, and significantly higher in non-AGA than AGA-5ARi males. Ageusia had identical features than anosmia in terms of presence, time to appearance and duration, when compared to anosmia, and when compared between groups.
Dry cough was more present and had longer duration in AGA no-5ARi than non-AGA males, while time to appearance was similar between them. Self-reported perception of “sinusitis” and “sore throat” was equally present in non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males, developed with similar intervals between them, whereas duration of both was longer in the AGA no-5ARi group.
Dizziness was present at similar extent and duration between non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males. Conversely, fatigue was more present and persisted for longer periods in AGA no-5ARi compared to non-AGA, while weakness was equally present but had longer duration in AGA no-5ARi males. Myalgia affected more severely AGA no-5ARi than non-AGA males, in terms of presence and duration. Arthralgia was more present in AGA no-5ARi males, but had similar time-to-appearance and duration than non-AGA.
Thoracic, upper back, and lower back pain affected a higher percentage of AGA no-5ARi than non-AGA males, and had similar time-to-appearance and duration between them, except for a slightly higher time until appearance in non-AGA males.
Diarrhea, nauseas, vomiting, and abdominal pain were present in similar percentage and had similar duration between non-AGA and AGA no-ARi males. Conjunctival hyperemia was more commonly present and lasted for longer periods in AGA no-5ARi, compared to non-AGA males, while pre-orbital pain was similarly present between these groups.
In regards with proposed therapeutical options for COVID-19, all patients received azithromycin. Nitazoxanide was associated in 72.4%, at higher percentage of males from the non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi groups, compared to 5ARi users. Hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin were prescribed for 21.6% and 14.6% of patients, respectively, equally between groups. Among non-chronic 5ARi users, dutasteride was significantly more used in AGA than non-AGA males, while spironolactone was used in similar proportions (Table 8).
There were no significant differences between the percentage of patients treated with any additional drugs of supplements for COVID-19. Warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), bromhexine, N-acetyl-cysteine and colchicine have not been added as therapies for COVID-19 to any, or until to two patients.
Table 6. Clinical clustering
Clinical clustering
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Anosmia-Ageusia dominance
(p-value)
|
69 (21.9%)
|
56 (29.2%)
(p=0.01 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s (0.082) vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6 (8.5%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
7 (13.5%)
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Dengue-like
(p-value)
|
56 (17.8%)
|
36 (18.7%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s (p=0.063) vs AGA-5ARi)
|
19 (26.8%)
(p=0.019 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p=0.035 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.003
|
URTI-like
(p-value)
|
102 (32.4%)
|
66 (34.4%)
(n/s (p=0.063) vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0003 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
35 (49.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
GI infection-like
(p-value)
|
24 (7.6%)
|
14 (7.3%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
9 (12.7%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.082 (n/s)
|
Mixed
(p-value)
|
22 (7.6%)
|
13 (6.8%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
9 (15.5%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.32 (n/s)
|
Unspecific
(p-value)
|
35 (11.1%)
|
23 (12.0%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
12 (16.9%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.011
|
Asymptomatic
(p-value)
|
51 (16.2%)
|
9 (4.7%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
42 (80.8%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
URTI = Upper respiratory tract infection; GI = Gastrointestinal; AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
Table 7. Clinical manifestations in COVID-19: presence (%), time-to-appearance and duration.
Clinical manifestations
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Fever
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
36 (11.4%)
|
22 (11.5%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
14 (19.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.4 ± 0.7
|
1.4 ± 0.7
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.4 ± 0.7
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.1 ± 1.4
|
3.1 ± 1.4
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.0 ± 1.4
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
“Feverish”
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
71 (22.5%)
|
45 (23.4%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
25 (35.2%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.4 ± 0.8
|
1.4 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.2 ± 0.5
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
2.9 ± 1.3
|
2.5 ± 1.3
(0.002 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.5 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Nasal congestion or rhinorrhea
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
90 (28.6%)
|
64 (33.3%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
25 (35.2%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.0 ± 0.1
|
1.0 ± 0.0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.0 ± 0.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
( n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
4.0 ± 2.0
|
3.8 ± 2.0
(0.032 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.7 ± 1.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Headache
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
118 (37.5%)
|
70 (36.5%)
(p=0.0004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
46 (64.8%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2 (3.8%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.6 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.6 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.5 ± 0.5 (1;2)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
5.5 ± 2.4
|
5.0 ± 2.1
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6.2 ± 2.8
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.5 ± 0.5 (3;4)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Shortness of breath
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
20 (6.3%)
|
10 (5.2%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
10 (14.1%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
0/1
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
4.4 ± 1.1
|
4.2 ± 1.0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.6 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
2.3 ± 0.9
|
2.3 ± 0.8
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.2 ± 1.1
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Anosmia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
217 (68.9%)
|
147 (76.6%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
63 (88.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
7 (13.5%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
3.8 ± 1.4
|
3.5 ± 1.3
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.009 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.7 ± 1.0
(p = 0.009 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2 ± 1.1
(p=0.0002 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
7.9 ± 5.5
|
7.2 ± 4.9
(p=0.0005 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.012 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
10.1 ± 6.4
(p = 0.001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.7 ± 1.2
(p=0.005 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Ageusia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
204 (61.2%)
|
134 (69.8%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
55 (77.5%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
5 (9.6%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
3.9 ± 1.4
|
3.6 ± 1.4
(p<0.0001 AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.006 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.8 ± 1.0
(p=0.0003 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.6 ± 0.8
(p=0.0023 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
7.4 ± 5.1
|
6.7 ± 4.6
(p=0.0004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.008 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
9.5 ± 5.7
(p=0.003 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.0 ± 0.6
(p=0.0055 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.0001
|
Dry cough
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
111 (35.2%)
|
68 (35.4%)
(p=0.005 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
41 (57.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2 (3.8%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.7 ± 0.9
|
1.6 ± 0.8
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.9 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 ± 0 (1;1)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
5.3 ± 2.4
|
5.0 ± 2.5
(p=0.004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6.1 ± 2.1
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.5 ± 0.5 (2;3)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
“Sinusitis”
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
20 (6.3%)
|
12 (6.2%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
8 (11.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.04
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.8
|
1.5 ± 0.7
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.7 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
7.2 ± 2.6
|
5.8 ± 2.3
(p=0.0004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
9.0 ± 1.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
“Sore throat”
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
74 (23.5%)
|
50 (26.0%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
23 (32.4%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
2.0 ± 1.0
|
1.9 ± 1.0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.2 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
5.5 ± 1.9
|
5.2 ± 1.8
(p = 0.029 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6.3 ± 1.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Dizziness
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
55 (17.5%)
|
24 (12.5%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
31 (43.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.5 ± 0.9
|
1.5 ± 1.0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.5 ± 0.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
1.7 ± 1.0
|
1.5 ± 0.8
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.9 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Fatigue
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
87 (35.2%)
|
45 (23.4%)
(p=0.006 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
41 (57.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.6 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.7 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
8.4 ± 4.6
|
7.6 ± 3.8
(p=0.033 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
9.8 ± 5.6
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Weakness
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
92 (29.5%)
|
61 (31.8%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
31 (43.7%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.5 ± 0.9
|
1.5 ± 0.8
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.1 ± 2.2
|
2.8 ± 1.7
(p=0.031 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.0 ± 2.8
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Myalgia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
83 (26.3%)
|
53 (27.6%)
(n/s (0.072) - vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
30 (42.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.6 ± 0.8
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.8 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.6 ± 1.8
|
3.3 ± 1.8
(p = 0.043 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.1 ± 1.6
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Arthralgia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
29 (9.2%)
|
13 (6.8%)
(p = 0.05 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
16 (22.5%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.066 (n/s)
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.4 ± 0.6
|
1.5 ± 0.6
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.4 ± 0.6
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
2.5 ± 1.2
|
2.4 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.6 ± 1.4
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Hyporexia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
118 (37.5%)
|
88 (45.8%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
30 (42.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.5 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
4.3 ± 2.0
|
4.0 ± 1.7
(p=0.043 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
5.1 ± 2.3
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Thoracic pain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
102 (32.4%)
|
72 (37.5%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
30 (42.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
2.9 ± 1.2
|
2.8 ± 1.2
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.3 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
4.3 ± 2.2
|
4.1 ± 2.1
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.8 ± 2.3
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Upper back pain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
44 (14.0%)
|
22 (11.5%)
(p=0.024 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
21 (29.6%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.02
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
2.0 ± 1.0
|
2.0 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.0 ± 1.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
4.3 ± 1.8
|
4.3 ± 1.6
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.4 ± 2.0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Lower back pain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
13 (4.1%)
|
5 (2.6%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
8 (11.3%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.48 (n/s)
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.7 ± 0.9
|
2.0 ± 1.1
(p=0.046 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.5 ± 0.7
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.9 ± 1.5
|
4.2 ± 1.5
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.7 ± 1.5
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Diarrhea
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
66 (20.9%)
|
45 (23.4%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.03 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
19 (26.8%)
(p=0.02 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2 (3.8%)
(p=0.03 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.06 (n/s)
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.9 ± 1.1
|
1.7 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.4 ± 1.4
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 ± 0 (1;1)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.2 ± 1.9
|
2.9 ± 1.6
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.0 ± 2.3
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3 ± 1 (2;4)
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Nauseas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
17 (5.7%)
|
10 (5.2%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
7 (9.9%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.55 (n/s)
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.3 ± 0.7
|
1.4 ± 0.7
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.3 ± 0.7
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
2.8 ± 1.2
|
2.7 ± 1.0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.8 ± 1.5
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Vomiting
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
1 (0.3%)
|
0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.4%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
|
0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
|
n/a
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
|
0
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
|
0
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Abdominal pain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
13 (4.1%)
|
7 (3.6%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
6 (8.5%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.71
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.4 ± 0.7
|
1.4 ± 0.7
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.3 ± 0.7
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
2.6 ± 1.3
|
2.0 ± 0.9
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
3.3 ± 1.2
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Conjunctival hyperemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
93 (29.5%)
|
54 (28.1%)
(p=0.002 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
38 (53.2%)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 0.9
|
1.5 ± 0.7
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1.8 ± 1.1
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
4.9 ± 2.1
|
4.4 ± 2.0
(p=0.002 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
5.6 ± 2.1
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Pre-orbital pain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Presence (%)
(p-value)
|
11 (3.5%)
|
8 (4.2%)
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2 (2.8%)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1.9%)
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.96 (n/s)
|
Time to appearance (days)
(p-value)
|
1.3 ± 0.6
|
1.4 ± 0.7
(n/a vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1 (1;1)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
1
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
Duration (days)
(p-value)
|
3.6 ± 1.6
|
4.1 ± 1.6
(n/a vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.5 ± 0.5 (2;3)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2
(n/a vs no-5ARi)
|
n/a
|
No-5ARi = AGA no 5ARi + non-AGA groups; AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
Table 8. Drugs prescribed for COVID-19.
Medications
(+ azithromycin)
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Hydroxichloroquine
|
68 (21.6%)
|
42 (21.9%)
|
10 (14.1%)
|
16 (30.8%)
|
0.082 (n/s)
|
Nitazoxanide
|
228 (72.4%)
|
141 (74.4%)*#
|
58 (81.7%)#
|
29 (55.8%)&
|
0.0006
|
Ivermectin
|
46 (14.6%)
|
30 (15.6%)
|
7 (9.9%)
|
9 (17.3%)
|
0.29 (n/s)
|
Dutasteride
|
69 (21.9%**)
|
40 (20.8%)*
|
29 (40.8%)
|
n/a
|
0.001
|
Spironolactone
|
31 (9.8%**)
|
19 (9.9%)
|
12 (16.9%)
|
0
|
0.17 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; n/a = non-applicable
*p<0.05 vs AGA no-ARi males
#p<0.05 vs AGA-ARi males
& p<0.05 vs no-5ARi users (non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi)
**Not including AGA-5ARi users
Table 9. Additional drugs and supplements used to treat COVID-19.
Additional drugs or supplements
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Xa factor inhibitors
|
34 (10.8%)
|
22 (11.5%)
|
9 (12.7%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
0.78 (n/s)
|
Enoxaparin
|
19 (6.0%)
|
10 (5.2%)
|
9 (12.7%)
|
0
|
0.46 (n/s)
|
Glucocorticoids
|
20 (6.3%)
|
11 (5.7%)
|
9 (12.7%)
|
0
|
0.47 (n/s)
|
Vitamin C
|
43 (13.6%)
|
16 (22.5%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
3 (5.8%)
|
0.26 (n/s)
|
Zinc
|
46 (14.6%)
|
26 (13.5%)
|
16 (22.5%)
|
4 (7.7%)
|
0.32 (n/s)
|
Vitamin D
|
268 (88.2%)
|
174 (90.6%)
|
51 (85.9%)
|
43 (82.7%)
|
0.63 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant
COVID-19 course and outcomes
Tables 10 to 15 depict COVID-19 course and outcomes. Table 10 shows the average time-to-treat and the speed of COVID-19 resolution. Table 11 depicts the course of the clinical manifestations in COVID-19. Table 12 depicts the scores from the WHO COVID Ordinal Outcomes. Table 13 describes the mean loss of capacity for everyday activities. Table 14 describes the level of lung injury through radiology. Table 15 summarizes the rates of disease progression.
As shown in Table 10, time-to-treat was significantly lower in AGA-5ARi, compared to non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males, which remained significant after adjustment for only symptomatic patients.
Duration of positive rtPCR-SARS-CoV-2, symptoms with or without anosmia and ageusia were significantly lower in 5ARi users compared to non-AGA, AGA no-5ARI, and overall non-users, and were lower in non-AGA compared to AGA no-5ARi males.
As depicted in Table 11, because 82.7% of 5ARi users remained asymptomatic throughout the COVID-19 infection, this group had significantly lower clinical manifestations compared to non-AGA, AGA no-5ARi and overall no-ARi users between seven days before until seven days after the beginning of treatment.
AGA no-5ARi had slower although not milder progression of symptoms, which may justify why this group was more affected since Days -7 to -4. Non-AGA remained significantly less affected by COVID-19 manifestations than AGA no-5ARi males between Days 0 and 7. AGA no-5ARi had similar speed of improvement compared to non-AGA.
Following the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID Ordinal Outcomes, AGA-5ARi group had lower scores than non-AGA, AGA no-5ARi, and overall no-5ARi users in Day 0. Conversely, at Day 7, AGA no-5ARi males had higher scores than non-AGA and AGA-5ARi groups, while these were similar between them. From Day 14 to Day 60, groups became similar. In none of the days any patient progressed to Stages 3 to 5. Table 12 details clinical outcomes according to the WHO COVID Ordinal Outcomes.
In regards with the ability to perform everyday activities in an independent manner (Table 13), 5ARi users had lower loss of ability to perform everyday activities compared to non-AGA, AGA no-5ARi, and overall no-5ARi users, in Days 0 and 3, while these differences remitted from Day 7 to Day 30. Non-AGA males had lower loss of ability for everyday activities compared to AGA no-5ARi in Days 0 and 3. Overall, 5ARi users had no loss of ability to perform activities independently, while approximately 10% and 25% of the capacity was lost in average for non-AGA and AGA no-5ARi males, respectively.
Inability to perform everyday activities at Days 3, 7, 14 and 30 among AGA no-5ARi males were similar to Days 0, 3, 7 and 14 in non-AGA males, respectively. It means that the average loss of ability was similar between Day 3 in AGA no-5ARi males and Day 0 in non-AGA males, between Day 7 in AGA no-5ARi males and Day 3 in non-AGA males, between Day 14 in AGA no-5ARi males and Day 7 in non-AGA males, and between Day 30 in AGA no-5ARi males and Day 14 in non-AGA males.
In terms of chest computerized tomography (CT) scan (Table 14), AGA-5ARi males had significantly less compromised lungs compared to non-AGA, AGA no-5ARi, and overall males, in Days 0 and 7 (Days 14 and 30 had insufficient number of patients for comparison purposes). Non-AGA males had less affected lungs compared to AGA no-5ARi at all times (Table 14).
In terms of radiological progression, of 116 that underwent at least two CT scans, one (0.9%) had progression of lung lesion from the first to the second CT scan. More important improvement was observed between Days 0 and 7 for 5ARi users, between Days 7 and 14 for non-AGA males, and between Days 14 and 21 for AGA no-5ARi males.
As shown in Table 15, all 305 patients remained in zero score in the Brescia Respiratory Severity Scale, and none of the patients required hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or need of noradrenaline or dopamine, or died.
Table 10. COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
Clinical clustering
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Time-to-treat
(p-value)
|
2.8 ± 1.8
|
3.0 ± 1.6
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.0 ± 1.3
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.4 ± 1.1 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.3)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
(p < 0.001 vs no-5ARi after adjustment for only symptomatic patients)
|
< 0.0001
|
Duration of positive rtPCR (days)
(p-value)
|
13.9 ± 5.9
|
14.0 ± 5.16
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
17.8 ± 6.2
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
8.2 ± 3.0
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
(p = 0.002 vs no-5ARi after adjustment for only symptomatic patients)
|
< 0.0001
|
Remission not including anosmia (days)
(without (p-value)
|
5.7 ± 4.5
|
5.9 ± 3.7
p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
8.8 ± 4.7
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.7 ± 1.6 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.4)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
(p < 0.0001 vs no-5ARi after adjustment for only symptomatic patients)
|
< 0.0001
|
Remission including anosmia (days)
(without (p-value)
|
9.1 ± 7.2
|
9.4 ± 6.0
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
14.2 ± 7.3
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.9 ± 2.0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.6)
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
(p < 0.001 vs no-5ARi after adjustment for only symptomatic patients)
|
< 0.0001
|
Table 11. COVID-19 course.
Clinical evolution
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Days -7 to -4
(p-value)
|
88.2 ± 29.7 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 3.3) (84.1% asymptomatic)
|
88.8 ± 29.3 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 4.1) [165 (85.9%) asymptomatic]
(p=0.03) vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
78.1 ± 37.1 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 8.6) [48 (67.6%) asymptomatic]
(p=0.002 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(p=0.03 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.008
|
Days -3 to -1
(p-value)
|
39.6 ± 42.7 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 4.7) (30.5% asymptomatic)
|
34.4 ± 40.5 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 5.7) [46 (24.0%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
20.4 ± 28.0 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 6.5) [6 (8.4%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
85.0 ± 35.2 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 9.6) [44 (84.6%) asymptomatic (p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 0
(p-value)
|
32.7 ± 38.9 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 4.3) (18.3% asymptomatic)
|
24.5 ± 33.8 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 4.8) [16 (8.3%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
15.1 ± 14.4 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 3.3) [0 (0%) asymptomatic]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
87.1 ± 31.9 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 8.7) [43 (82.7%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 1
(p-value)
|
52.7 ± 36.3 (Median = 50; 95%CI = 4.0) (19.4% asymptomatic)
|
48.8 ± 34.6 (Median = 45; 95%CI = 4.9) [17 (8.9%) asymptomatic] (p=0.021 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
36.6 ± 26.5 (Median = 40; 95%CI = 6.2) [1 (1.4%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
88.8 ± 29.8 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 8.1) [43 (82.7%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 2
(p-value)
|
71.3 ± 31.2 (Median = 90; 95%CI = 3.4) (25.4% asymptomatic)
|
67.7 ± 32.4 (Median = 90; 95%CI = 4.6) [29 (15.1%) asymptomatic] (p=0.032 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
61.9 ± 26.9 (Median = 60; 95%CI = 6.3) [4 (5.6%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
97.3 ± 6.9 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 3.8) [47 (90.4%) asymptomatic] (p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 3
(p-value)
|
83.2 ± 23.6 (Median = 90; 95%CI = 2.6) (35.9% asymptomatic)
|
81.4 ± 25.7 (Median = 90; 95%CI = 3.6) [58 (30.2%) asymptomatic]
(p=0.0007 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
76.8 ± 20.3 (Median = 80; 95%CI = 4.7) [5 (7.0%) asymptomatic]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
98.9 ± 6.9 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 1.8) [50 (96.2%) asymptomatic]
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 7
(p-value)
|
95.5 ± 10.5 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 1.2) (72.7% asymptomatic)
|
95.7 ± 10.9 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 1.5) [143 (74.5%) asymptomatic] (p=0.0004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.005 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
91.5 ± 11.6 (Median = 95; 95%CI = 2.7) [34 (47.9%) asymptomatic]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(p=0.0002 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 14
(p-value)
|
99.0 ± 4.2 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.5) (92.4% asymptomatic)
|
99.1 ± 4.5 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.6) [181 (94.3%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
98.0 ± 4.8 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 1.1) [58 (81.7%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s (p=0.083) vs no-5ARi)
|
0.17 (n/s)
|
Day 21
(p-value)
|
99.8 ± 1.1 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.1) (62.8% asymptomatic)
|
99.8 ± 1.2 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.2) [187 (97.4%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
99.6 ± 1.3 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.3) [66 (93.0%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
Day 30
(p-value)
|
99.9 ± 0.5 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.1) [190 (99.0%) asymptomatic]
|
99.9 ± 0.5 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.1) [190 (99.0%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
99.9 ± 0.8 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0.2) [69 (97.2%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
Day 60
(p-value)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) (100% asymptomatic)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [192 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [71 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
100.0 ± 0 (Median = 100; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) asymptomatic]
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; CI = confidence interval
Table 12. WHO COVID-19 Ordinal Outcomes.
WHO COVID Ordinal Outcomes
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Day 0
(p-value)
|
|
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0003 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Stage 1
|
199 (43.2%)
|
125 (65.1%)
|
23 (33.4%)
|
51 (98.0%)
|
|
Stage 2
|
116 (36.8%)
|
67 (34.9%)
|
48 (67.6%)
|
1 (2.0%)
|
|
Stages 3-5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Day 7
(p-value)
|
|
(p=0.021 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(p=0.015 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.021
|
Stage 1
|
289 (91.7%)
|
180 (93.8%)
|
57 (80.3%)
|
52 (100%)
|
|
Stage 2
|
26 (8.3%)
|
12 (6.2%)
|
14 (19.7%)
|
0
|
|
Stages 3-5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Day 14
(p-value)
|
|
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
0.90
|
Stage 1
|
310 (98.4%)
|
190 (99.0%)
|
68 (95.8%)
|
52 (100%)
|
|
Stage 2
|
5 (1.6%)
|
2 (1.0%)
|
3 (4.2%)
|
0
|
|
Stages 3-5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 7
(p-value)
|
0.17 (n/s)
|
0.38 (n/s)
|
0.11 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Days 30 and 60
(p-value)
|
|
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
(n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
|
Stage 1
|
305 (100%)
|
192 (100%)
|
71 (100%)
|
52 (100%)
|
n/a
|
Stage 2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
Stages 3-5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
n/a
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; CI = confidence interval
Table 13. Loss of ability to perform everyday activities due to COVID-19.
Loss of ability of everyday activities (%)
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Day 0
(p-value)
|
12.4 ± 19.3 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 2.1) (63.2% full functional capacity)
|
10.8 ± 17.2 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 2.4) [125 (65.1%) full functional capacity]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0002 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
25.6 ± 23.4 (Median = 20; 95%CI = 4.2) [23 (32.4%) full functional capacity]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.4 ± 2.7 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.7) [51 (98.1%) full functional capacity]
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 3
(p-value)
|
5.1 ± 12.0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 1.3) (78.4% full functional capacity)
|
4.1 ± 9.7 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 1.4) [154 (80.2%) full functional capacity]
(p=0.0038 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.029 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
11.7 ± 18.0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 4.2) [41 (57.7%) full functional capacity]
(p=0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) full functional capacity] (p=0.003 vs no-5ARi)
|
0.0002
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
0.0001
|
0.0024
|
0.0004
|
0.98 (n/s)
|
|
Day 7
(p-value)
|
1.6 ± 6.4 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.7) (91.7% full functional capacity)
|
1.1 ± 4.9 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.7) [180 (93.8%) full functional capacity]
(n/s (p=0.089) vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
4.2 ± 10.3 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 2.4) [57 (80.3%) full functional capacity]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) full functional capacity]
(n/s (p=0.062) vs no-5ARi)
|
0.12 (n/s)
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
0.98 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 3
(p-value)
|
0.0037
|
0.019
|
0.016
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Day 14
(p-value)
|
0.3 ± 2.2 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.2) (98.4% full functional capacity)
|
0.1 ± 1.0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.1) [190 (98.6%) full functional capacity]
(n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.8 ± 4.4 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 1.0) [68 (95.8%) full functional capacity]
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) full functional capacity]
(n/s (n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
< 0.0001
|
0.98 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 7
(p-value)
|
0.008
|
0.54 (n/s)
|
0.11 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Day 30
(p-value)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) (100% full functional capacity)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [192 (100%) full functional capacity] (n/s vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [71 (100%) full functional capacity] (n/s vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0) [52 (100%) full functional capacity] (n/s vs no-5ARi)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
AGA = androgenetic alopecia; 5ARi = Androgen receptor inhibitors; n/s = non-significant; CI = confidence interval
Table 14. Chest CT scan.
Chest CT scan (% of lungs affected)
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Day 0
(p-value)
|
21.1 ± 19.1 (Median = 17.5; 95%CI = 2.1) [30 (25.9%) normal lungs of 116 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 0]
|
16.0 ± 13.9 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 2.0) [15 (26.3%) normal lungs of 57 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 0]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0007 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
32.3 ± 20.2 (Median = 40; 95%CI = 4.7) [5 (10.9%) normal lungs of 46 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 0]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
2.3 ± 4.2 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 1.1) [10 (76.9%) normal lungs of 13 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 0]
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
Day 7
(p-value)
|
18.8 ± 18.9 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 2.1) [19 (32.8%) normal lungs of 58 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 7]
|
15.3 ± 12.8 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 1.8) [5 (26.3%) normal lungs of 19 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 7]
(p=0.02 vs AGA no-ARi)
(p=0.0015 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
29.3 ± 19.8 (Median = 25; 95%CI = 4.6) [3 (11.1%) normal lungs of 27 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 7]
(p<0.0001 vs AGA-5ARi)
|
0.8 ± 2.8 (Median = 0; 95%CI = 0.7) [11 (91.7%) normal lungs of 12 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 7]
(p<0.0001 vs no-5ARi)
|
< 0.0001
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
0.32 (n/s)
|
0.091 (n/s)
|
0.62 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Day 14
(p-value)
|
18.6 ± 16.0 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 1.8) [16 (24.6%) normal lungs of 65 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 14]
|
11.1 ± 11.2 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 1.6) [14 (38.9%) normal lungs of 36 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 14]
(p< 0.0001 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
28.6 ± 16.2 (Median = 25; 95%CI = 3.8) [2 (7.1%) normal lungs of 28 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 14]
(n/a)
|
10 (01 patient that performed chest CT scan in day 14)
(n/a)
|
n/a
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
0.15 (n/s)
|
0.12 (n/s)
|
0.45 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 7
(p-value)
|
0.21 (n/s)
|
0.28 (n/s)
|
0.85 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Day 30
(p-value)
|
19.1 ± 13.0 (Median = 17.5; 95%CI = 1.4) [4 (12.5%) normal lungs of 32 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 30]
|
10.0 ± 7.9 (Median = 10; 95%CI = 1.1) [3 (25.0%) normal lungs of 12 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 30]
(p=0.004 vs AGA no-ARi)
(n/a vs AGA-5ARi)
|
24.5 ± 12.4 (Median = 25; 95%CI = 2.9) [1 (5.0%) normal lungs of 20 patients that performed chest CT scan in day 30]
(n/a)
|
No patients performed chest CT scan in day 30
(n/a)
|
n/a
|
vs Day 0
(p-value)
|
0.41 (n/s)
|
0.27 (n/s)
|
0.13 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 7
(p-value)
|
0.44 (n/s)
|
0.36 (n/s)
|
0.51 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
vs Day 14
(p-value)
|
0.70 (n/s)
|
0.97 (n/s)
|
0.38 (n/s)
|
1.0 (n/s)
|
|
Table 15. COVID-19 progression outcomes.
Disease progression outcomes
|
Overall males
(n = 305)
|
Non-AGA males
(n = 192)
|
AGA no-5ARi males
(n = 71)
|
AGA-5ARi
(n = 52)
|
p-value
(overall)
|
Brescia COVID-19 Respiratory Severity Scale (0-4)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.00 (n/s)
|
Hospitalization
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.00 (n/s)
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.00 (n/s)
|
Noradrenaline/dopamine
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.00 (n/s)
|
Death
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.00 (n/s)
|