Impact involving the community in entomological surveillance of the Triatoma infestans vectorial control

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-93406/v1

Download PDF

Research

Impact involving the community in entomological surveillance of the Triatoma infestans vectorial control

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-93406/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Journal Publication

published 05 Feb, 2021

Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors →

You are reading this latest preprint version

Background

Vectorial transmission is the principal way of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the parasite that cause Chagas disease. In Argentina, Triatoma infestans is the principal vector, for this reason, vector control is the main strategy for the prevention of this illness. Provincial Program of Chagas La Rioja (PPCHLR) carries out entomological evaluation of domiciliary units (DU) and spraying those where T. infestans are found. The lack of government funds generated low visit frequency of PPCHLR, especially in areas with a low infestation that they were not prioritized. For this reason, seeking possible alternatives to complement control activities are necessary. Involving householders in entomologic evaluation would be a control alternative. The major objective was to determine the cost of entomological evaluation with and without community participation.

Methods

For entomological evaluation without community participation, PPCHLR data collected in February 2017 over 359 DU of Castro Barros Department (CBD) were used. For entomological evaluation with community participation, 434 DU of the same department were selected in November 2017. Each householder was trained in the insect collection that were kept in labelled plastic bags and recovered after two weeks to analyse T. cruzi presence in laboratory. Entomological evaluation costs with and without community participation over DU visited number, over DU evaluated number, and over DU sprayed were calculated and compared between methodologies. In addition, DU evaluated number out DU visited number was compared.

Results

The results showed that the triatomines did not show evidence of T. cruzi infection. Costs in relation to DU visited, to those evaluated and to those sprayed, were lowered with community participation (p< 0.05). In addition, a greater number of DU evaluated in relation to those visited as well as greater surface were covered with community participation.

Conclusion

The participation of the community in the infestation survey is an efficient complement of vertical control, allowing the spraying to be focused on infested houses and thus reducing costs and intervention times by PPCHLR.

Parasitology

Triatomines

kissing bugs

Chagas disease

community participation

Chagas disease continues to be an important public health problem in Latin America where it is estimated that there are between 6 and 7 million people infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, the causative agent of this disease [1]. In Argentina, it is assumed that there are between one to three million people who could have this disease, although there are currently no official data on the number of people infected or at risk of T. cruzi infection [2].

This parasite can be transmitted through different ways, although in 80% of cases it is through vector transmission, that is, by contact with triatomines, so the control of this infestation is the main strategy for the prevention of the illness.

In Argentina, Triatoma infestans is the triatomine species with the greatest epidemiological importance, given its ability to inhabit within and on houses periphery. La Rioja province is endemic for Chagas disease, considered of medium risk in the transmission of this disease by T. infestans [3]. Provincial Program of Chagas La Rioja (PPCHLR) works on entomological evaluation and insecticide spraying in positive houses to eliminate T. infestans infestation, without considering householder denouncement, ensuring that the negative houses do not receive treatment. For entomological evaluation of houses, the PPCHLR staff moves from the Capital city to the different departments and returns to them depending on political decisions over economic resources derivation. For this reason, PPCHLR focalizes surveillance in departments with a high infestation. Castro Barros Department (CBD) has been low frequency in vector control intervention in part, it is a consequence of a lower T. infestans infestation in relation to others that have been a priority for PPCHLR, such as, San Martin Department [4, 5]. It is known that higher intervention interval favours the risk of T. infestans populations’ recover [6]. At the same time, the community demand vector control activities due to the frequent T. infestans presence because it is impossible to consolidate control and surveillance actions with vertical strategy methods in extended rural areas [7]. Therefore, in this area, community participation in entomological surveillance would be an essential tool given this complex scenario but the cost of this type of control activity needs to be evaluated. Entomological surveillance carried out by the householders has been described by several authors and community participation favour the early detection of triatominos [e.g.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. In addition to the fact that householder collection of triatomines may be more sensitive than active search in some areas [10, 13, 17], especially when the infestation is of low density [12].

This study was originated within a greater project in response to the community's demand to our research team that reside in CBD. The main objectives of this work were: to determine the cost of vectorial control activities with and without community participation; and to analyse the spatial distribution of the T. infestans infestation in the study area.

Study area:

CBD is located to northeast of La Rioja province, Argentina. Its departmental head is the Aminga locality, distant 95 km of the capital city. It is located in the biogeographic region of Monte Desert. The population density is around 3 inhabitants / km². It is a rural population, concentrated in 10 localities that function as an oasis due to the availability of surface water. Total population of CBD is 4268 inhabitants [18].

About domestic infestation, between 2009 and 2013 ranged between 1.18% and 9.87%. In 2013, the latest departmental intervention was carried out by PPCHLR, that is, without community participation (PPCHLR unpublished data).

Each intradomicile (ID) with their peridomestic structures (PD) was defined as domiciliary unit (DU). A DU was recorded as “infested or positive” when at least one T. infestans individual was found in the DU.

Entomological evaluation without community participation

In February 2017, 359 DU localized in Aminga (one of ten localities of department), were visited for entomological evaluation, carried out by 20 PPCHLR technicians. In the search was used dislocating agent (tetramethrin 2%) and it was interrupted when insect was found or until an hour of capture effort is completed (hour / man method). Infestation status and treatment of each georeferenced DU were registered. This type of control was defined as vertical intervention.

DU evaluated was defined as that DU in which householder was present and approved entomological evaluation while DU visited is defined as all DUs, included those in which householder was not present at the moment of entomological evaluation carried out by PPCHLR technicians.

Entomological evaluation with community participation:

In December 2017, 434 DU corresponding to nine localities of CBD (Fig. 1) were visited and T. infestans infestation was evaluated by householders [13].

The samples was selected considering the total number of DU in each locality (Table 1), covering the total area.

Table 1 Description of the study area for each locality.
Locality	Total number of DU^a	Inhabitants number^b	Altitude (masl)	Number of DU visited	Coverage (%)^c
San Pedro	145	298	1507	16	11
Santa Vera Cruz	79	123	1323	16	20
Anjullon	242	418	1294	42	17.36
Los Molinos	166	244	1254	35	21
Anillaco	678	1573	1325	110	16.22
Aminga	359	833	1275	99	27
Chuquis	157	236	1323	44	28.03
Pinchas	262	390	1351	55	20.99
Agua Blanca	30	68	1470	17	56.7

Local hospitals database.
INDEC. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010.
Coverage is calculated as number of DU visited over DU total number.

Inhabitants of the selected DU received a detailed explanation of the study and were invited to participate. Inhabitants that accepted the invitation were trained in triatomines identification, in places that should look for and careful collection to avoid the risk of accidental infection. Each participating family received plastic bags labelled with the DU identification code for different ecotopes. A registry was made with the participating families and the characteristics of their DU. Householders’ collection lasted two weeks between November and December 2017 (from delivery to plastic bags collection). At the same time, health agents from local hospitals worked alongside householders.

The collected bags were transferred to the laboratory where species, gender and developmental stage [19] were determined and T. cruzi detection was performed in rectal material. T. infestans number by gender and sex was quantified for each locality. For T. cruzi analysis, the faecal samples were examined fresh in a drop of physiological solution in an optical microscope at a magnification of 400x for approximately 15 minutes (25 fields). T. infestans presence registered in each DU was notified to PPCHLR for pyrethroid insecticide treatment.

DU visited is defined as that DU selected in which householder was given bags for insect collection.

DU evaluated was defined as that DU in which householder gave us bags with or without material. DU closed was defined as that DU in which householder was not present at bags collection moment.

Costs with and without community participation

To determine the cost of vectorial control activities with and without community participation, CBD campaign countable information given by PPCHLR were used (February and December 2017).

Cost without community participation was only constituted by the ‘expenses’ (fuel and travel wage) incurred by PPCHLR.

When householders participated, cost was constituted by the sum of the ‘expenses incurred by PPCHLR and inputs used (brochures and gloves).

The cost over DU visited number, over DU evaluated number and in relation to DU sprayed number were calculated for each methodology.

The insecticide and spraying machine costs were not considered since they were the same for each methodology. In both cases, the supplies to carry out spraying were provided by National Chagas Program and did not imply an additional cost for PPCHLR.

Climatic Variables

To verify the climatic conditions in the study area and based on equipment availability, three data loggers (HOBO U10 / 003 Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA), each of them were placed in Pinchas, Anillaco and Santa Vera Cruz localities (Fig. 1). Temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at 15-minute intervals between 7:00 p.m. and 10:30 p.m., corresponding to the moment of the peak active dispersion for T. infestans [20, 21, 22].

Data analysis:

The percentage of infested DU was calculated over total evaluated DU by locality.

For cost analysis, data were compared between methodologies using Chi-Square of Infostat program [23].

A spatial scan statistic with a Poisson model was used to detect clusters (groups of localities geographically aggregated and with higher or lower infestation compared with the regional average). Locality was the analysis unit. Analysis was performed using SaTScan v. 9.4.4 [24].

Climatic variables were compared with a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test using the Infostat program [23].

In February 2017, DU infestation was 8.26% (1/109 ID and 8/109 PD) of which all were sprayed.

In December 2017, a total of 81.6% DU were evaluated (354/434) by householders, due to the fact that 18.4% of DU were closed. The general infestation by T. infestans in the study area was 13.8%, varying between 0 and 50% among localities (Table 2). A total of 97.4% positive ID (1/39) and 40% positive PD (4/10) were sprayed by PPCHLR technicians with pyrethroid insecticide.

Table 2
Infestation by *T. infestans* obtained by householder collection in Castro Barros Department, La Rioja.
Locality	DU evaluated	DU closed ^a
San Pedro	12	4	8.33 (0.44–40.25)	1	0
Santa Vera Cruz	13	3	0 (0-28.34)	0	0
Anjullon	36	6	0 (0–12.00)	0	0
Los Molinos	27	8	14.81 (4.86–34.61)	1	3
Anillaco	84	26	8.33 (3.7-16.95)	7	0
Aminga	73	26	5.48 (1.77–14.16)	4	0
Chuquis	41	3	12.19 (4.58-27.00)	4	1
Pinchas	52	3	38.46 (2.56–52.99)	15	5
Agua Blanca	16	1	50 27.99-72.00)	7	1
^a DU closed at the moment of bags collection
^b ID: Intradomicile
^c PD: Peridomicile

Householders collected 79 specimens of T. infestans (Fig. 2), 52 individuals in ID and 27 in PD. None with presence of T. cruzi infection. T. infestans number collected between localities could not be compared because collection time per householders is not standardized.

When the costs were compared between methodologies (Table 3), data showed a reduction in costs related to DU visited (χ² = 4.57, p < 0.0325), to those evaluated (χ² = 24.64, p < 0.0001) and to those sprayed (χ² = 13.22, p < 0.0003) with community participation. Moreover, a greater number of DU evaluated in relation to those visited (χ² = 23.43, p < 0.0001) as well as a larger surface covered (163.9 vs. 0.8 km2) were obtained with community participation.

Table 3
Comparisons of indicators between methodologies in Castro Barros Department during 2017
Variables	Entomological Evaluation by PPCHLR, without Community Participation (Feb)	Entomological Evaluation with Community Participation (Dec)
Number of DU visited	359	434
Number of DU evaluated	109	354
Number of DU sprayed after evaluation	57	43
Surface evaluated (km²)	0.796	163.89
Cost	3809.90	1323.71
Cost over the number of DU visited	10.61*	3.05*
Cost over the number of DU evaluated	34.95**	3.74**
Cost over the number of DU sprayed	66.84***	30.78***
χ²=4.57, p < 0.0325; χ²=24.64, p < 0.0001; **χ²=13.22, p < 0.0003

Table 4
Median of temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) for each cluster (Quartiles 1 and 3).
Cluster	Variable	Median	Quartile 1	Quartile 3
North Zone	Temperature	22.33	20.42	24.84
North Zone	Relative Humidity	52.53	42.67	62.44
Centre Zone	Temperature	26.68	25.42	28.16
Centre Zone	Relative Humidity	40.03	34.01	45.94
South Zone	TemperFature	28.06	26.98	29.45
South Zone	Relative Humidity	35.82	30.64	38.38

The spatial analysis allowed to detect differences in the infestation with respect to average in the area. Three clusters in the area were identified. The first cluster called North Zone, presented an infestation of 0.02%, that is, less than the average in the area (Relative risk = 0.1; p = 0.02) and covered three localities, San Pedro, Santa Vera Cruz and Anjullón, with 61 DU and with a radius of 6.33 km centred on -28.66°S, -66.92°W. The second localities grouping in a cluster, called Centre Zone, presented an infestation of 0.07% also lower than expected (Relative risk = 0.37; p = 0.04) with two localities, Aminga and Anillaco, with 157 DU and with a radius of 4.68 km centred at -28.85° S, -66.93° W. The third cluster, called South Zone, with an infestation of 39.7%, higher than expected (Relative risk = 5.4; p < 0.001) that covered two localities, Agua Blanca and Pinchas, with 68 DU and a radius of 4.88, centred on − 28.96° S, -66.99°W. (Fig. 3).

As possible factors that could influence the zonal infestation differences, temperature and relative humidity were compared among clusters. South Zone had a higher temperature than Centre Zone, and this, in turn, had a higher temperature than North Zone (H: 96.73, gl:2, p < 0.0001). In relation to relative humidity, South Zone showed lower humidity than Centre Zone, and this in turn showed lower humidity than North Zone (H: 59.51, gl: 2, p < 0.0001). Table 4 shows the median temperature and relative humidity.

The control of T. infestans infestation is the main strategy for the prevention of Chagas disease in Argentina. When vector control actions are carried out in a sustained and committed way over time, triatomines presence in houses is reduced and consequently, the risk of vector transmission decreased. However, in areas where the infestation is reduced, a paradox occurs as these areas lose surveillance priority and are visited less and less frequently, and their chemical treatments are postponed [12, 25]. This misconception produces a huge setback to achieve the main objective, which is the vectorial transmission interruption. For CBD, entomological evaluation frequency is greater than three years and, at each visit, evaluation coverage is reduced due to political decisions that limit PPCHLR logistic and budget.

Theoretical vertical vector control model would be annual intervention by specialized technicians who evaluate and spray houses [25]. In fact, this logistical capacity does not exist in La Rioja province. Given the actual situation, advantages and disadvantages of maintaining only vertical PPCHLR interventions in low infestation areas are necessary to be re-evaluated.

In this work, the impact of incorporating community participation in areas with a low domestic infestation that in general are neither focus of study nor priority to apply vector control actions is analysed. The low frequency with a vertical program cannot meet demand in areas where infestation risk is known to be low [5, 7], causing the domestic vector persistence to continue and recovering populations among spraying cycles [6, 26]. Incorporating participatory approaches against vector-borne diseases has been shown to be important for control program sustainability [9, 11, 13, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Periodic inspection allows the early detection of new foci of reinfestation in the intradomicile [15, 17, 31]. Although, bio-eco-social approach not always reduce the infestation by itself [32]. In addition, one of the main criticisms of the incorporation of community participation in health programs refers to the process and place that is provided to the community in the construction of decision-making [25]. Different people bring different assessments to a situation and these must be taken into account [33]. In this study, community intervention was focused in the surveillance phase to guarantee early triatomines detection. Furthermore, it promoted an active and positive attitude in local population and the householders were able to clarify their doubts related to the transmission and prevention of Chagas Disease.

In this work, using field data collected in the same year and without modelling on indirectly estimated variables, two intervention types were compared, showing that costs in relation to DU visited, evaluated, and sprayed were lowered with community participation. In addition, a greater proportion of DU evaluated in relation to those visited as well as greater surface were covered with community participation. There are many works showing a cost decrease when community collaborates in surveillance [11, 17, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37] although with completely different approaches that do not allow a direct comparison with our data. For example, in Mexico, the cost to evaluate entomologically a domicile, detecting T. dimidiata, was US$70 for an infested house by carrying out an active search and only US$10 when householders were involved [17]. Also, in Santiago del Estero (Argentina) a very complete analysis was carried out, considering community intervention and the cost-effectiveness was estimated in attack phase where householders sprayed owns houses [11]. These latter results would not be comparable to our data since our focus is only on entomological surveillance and the spraying is only carried out by specialized personnel.

In La Rioja province, it is assumed that a house should be sprayed when PPCHLR technicians corroborate T. infestans presence. PPCHLR searching is carried out during the day, however, the householders can be carried out it during the day and at night. In this case, the probability of finding dispersants is higher due to the T. infestans peak activity occur between 7 and 10 pm [20]. Our results showed that most of the insects collected by householders were found in ID (52/79), which 13.5% (7/52) were found on the external wall, light or in the mosquito netting, so it is assumed as dispersants from other sources. For this reason, it is important to establish an appropriate response to each T. infestans collected by a householder. Especially, if T. infestans is a female, represents a particular epidemiological risk as colonizers of houses, justifying a control intervention. It is known that each fertilized female can lay between 100 and 600 eggs in her lifetime [38]. Dispersant females carried numerous eggs within the oviducts to ensure successful colonization of a new habitat [21], so it is necessary not to postpone control actions. In the case of triatomines dispersant collection, the possibilities of invasion can be reduced by physical protection (such as mosquito netting) [25].

In order to control circuit function correctly, we proposed that householders inform about the T. infestans presence in their houses and notify to Municipality. For this, is necessary that each Department count on a municipal referent verifies this species presence. If houses are T. infestans positive, personnel designated for this purpose spray them and their surroundings. Although, in this particular context, our CRILAR medical entomology team participates in a social commitment, it is expected that this activity should be carried out routinely by health area staff or Chagas municipal referent implying that there would be no extra costs. In this way, technician work is optimized, focusing the spraying on positive houses already surveyed by sanitary agents, while, at the same time, reducing travel wage and fuel costs for the transfer of PPCHLR personnel to field. These economic resources would be designated to increase the treatment frequency PPCHLR over higher infestation areas. To understand the variables associated with infestation in the area help in design of entomological surveillance implementation [25].

Heterogeneity in infestation probability is known in areas of Gran Chaco [4, 5, 13, 34, 39]. In addition, T. infestans domestic infestation estimated with community participation allowed to detect a spatially heterogeneous infestation in CBD.

Within this department, southern zone presented the highest risk of infestation. Heterogeneity in the infestation risk could be associated to climatic conditions due to southern zone presented higher temperature and lower humidity in relation to the other ones. These climatic conditions could allow an optimal growth of the species as was observed by other authors [34, 40, 41]. Although the climatic variables ranges in the different zones would be within their optimal values, the zone with the highest temperature and lowest humidity would provide a better development of T. infestans populations. It is known that optimal levels for most of triatomines are temperatures of 26–29 °C and 70% or less of relative humidity. When temperatures are higher at this range, insects need higher humidity to prevent dehydration. If the climate conditions are not enough wet, the dehydration danger can only be solved by increasing the blood meals number, producing a life cycle reduction with a population increase [42]. Another factor that could explain zonal differences was the PD presence due to those gave refuge and feeding sources for triatomines [43]. In southern zone (Agua Blanca and Pinchas), PD with T. infestans presence in DU evaluated (6/22) was observed, not so in the north and central zones (Table 2). All these results showed that there are several factors that promote T. infestans presence, particularly in this zone.

An orderly and efficient entomological surveillance system is necessary in rural areas far from the capital, since otherwise the feasibility of maintaining a successful chemical control diminishes.

This work allowed to verify that involving community in entomological surveillance reduced costs, covered a greater surface and a proportion of DU evaluated, encouraged early infestation detection and is the first step in stimulating control interventions. However, for this strategy to be effective, municipalities should carry out sustained surveillance work and chemical control interventions to prevent T. infestans populations from recovering after an application interval. Therefore, these actions must continue to be encouraged and, in addition, the authorities must be committed to giving a quick and effective response to householder demands.

Community participation is recommended in low infestation areas where a vertical control strategy difficult an adequate control frequency. This strategy is an efficient complement of PPCHLR technicians, increasing collection coverage, allowing the spraying to be focused on infested houses, and thus, reducing costs and intervention times by PPCHLR, integrating easily with other health programs.

PPCHLR: Provincial Program of Chagas La Rioja

CBD: Castro Barros Department

DU: Domiciliary Unit

ID: Intradomicile

PD: Peridomestic structures

Acknowledgements:

To C. Nieto for collaborating in the field and laboratory activities, to householders of Castro Barros department, to Health Center of Pinchas and Los Molinos and their sanitary agents, to the technicians of the Provincial Program of Chagas La Rioja, to C. Gonzalez in surface estimation of the study, to L. Fiorelli for figure assistance, to V. Valentinuzzi for her support in general research aspects and for providing dataloggers. We thank anonymous reviewers for insightful comments that improved the final version. LA, MJC and IA are CONICET members.

Funding:

Financial support was received from Argentinean National Council for Scientific Research (CONICET), grant PUE 0125 and Argentinean National Agency of Science and Technological Promotion (FONCyT) grant PICT 2016-0512 to L.A.

The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article. Raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LA, MJC and IA carried out the field and lab works, conceptualized and designed the study. LA drafted the manuscript; carried out statistical analyses and provided financial support. MJC and IA carried out statistical analyses and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

WHO. Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). Fact Sheet, updated March 2020. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/. Accessed 2 Oct 2020.
Pan American Health Organization. PAHO/WHO. Encuentro Nacional de Chagas: Argentina actualiza estrategia para lograr la eliminación de la transmisión. 2019. Available at https://www.paho.org/arg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10343:encuentro-nacional-de-chagas-argentina-actualiza-estrategia-para-lograr-la-eliminacion-de-la-transmision&Itemid=226. Accessed 2 Oct 2020.
PAHO. IIa Reunión de la Comisión Intergubernamental del Cono Sur (INCOSUR) para la Eliminación de Triatoma infestans y la Interrupción de la Transmisión de Tripanosomiasis Transfusional. Conclusiones, Recomendaciones y Decisiones. 2012. Buenos Aires. Pan American Health Organization.
Porcasi X, Hrellac H, Catalá S, Moreno M, Abrahan L, Hernandez ML, et al. Infestation of rural houses by Triatoma infestans in the region of Los Llanos (La Rioja, Argentina). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102:63–8.
Gorla D, Ponce C, Dujardin J, Schofield C. Control Strategies Against Triatominae. In: Telleria J, Tibayrenc M, editors American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease One Hundred Years of Research; 2010.p. 233–245.
Gorla D. Recovery of Triatoma infestans populations after insecticide application: an experimental field study. Med Vet Ent. 1991;5:311–24.
Sosa Estani S, Zaidenberg M, Segura EL. Descentralización del programa de control de la transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) en la Argentina. In: Yadón ZE, Gürtler RE, Tobar F, Medici AC, editors. Descentralización y gestión del control de las enfermedades transmisibles en América latina. Buenos Aires: OPS; 2006. pp. 189–201.
Winch P, Kendall C, Gubler D. Effectiveness of community participation in vector-borne disease control. Health Policy Plan. 1992;7:342–51.
Bryan R, Balderrama F, Tonn R, Dias J. Community participation in vector control: Lessons from Chagas' disease. Am J Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50:61–71.
Feliciangeli D, Hernández M, Suarez B, Martínez C, Bravo A, Bracho J, et al. Comparación de métodos de captura intradoméstica de triatominos vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas en Venezuela. B Malariol Salud Amb. 2007;47:103–18.
Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Spillmann C, Zaidenberg M, Kitron U, Gürtler RE. Cost-Effectiveness of Chagas Disease Vector Control Strategies in Northwestern Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e363.
Abad-Franch F, Vega MC, Rolón MS, Santos WS, De Arias AR. Community participation in Chagas disease vector surveillance: systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1207.
Cavallo MJ, Amelotti I, Abrahan L, Cueto G, Gorla DE. Rural houses infestation by Triatoma infestans in northwestern Argentina: Vector control in a high spatial heterogeneous infestation area. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0201391.
Waleckx E, Camara-Mejia J, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Cruz-Chan V, Rosado-Vallado M, Vazquez-Narvaez S, et al. An innovative ecohealth intervention for Chagas disease vector control in Yucatan. Mexico Biomédica. 2015;26:75–86.
Cecere MC, Rodríguez-Planes LI, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Kitron U, Gürtler RE. Community-based surveillance and control of Chagas disease vectors in remote rural areas of the Argentine Chaco: a five-year follow-up. Acta Trop. 2019;191:108–15.
Cavallo MJ, Amelotti I. Rethinking the old hypothesis that new housing construction has an impact on the vector control of Triatoma infestans: A Metapopulation analysis. Acta Trop. 2020;e105717.
Dumonteil E, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Ferral J, Euan-Garcia M, Chavez-Nuñez L. Usefulness of community participation for the fine temporal monitoring of house infestation by non-domiciliated triatomines. J Parasitol. 2009;95:469–71.
INDEC. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. Available at https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel4-CensoProvincia-999-999-46-021-2010 Accessed: 24 Jul 2020.
Lent H, Wygodzinsky P. Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and their significance as vector of Chagas disease. Bull Am Mus Nat History. 1979;163:123–520.
Lazzari CR. Circadian organisation of locomotion activity in the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans. J Insect Physiol. 1992;38:895–903.
Abrahan LB, Gorla DE, Catalá SS. Dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other Triatominae species in the arid Chaco: flying, walking or passive carriage? The importance of walking females. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106:232–9.
Abrahan LB, Gorla DE, Catalá SS. Active dispersal of Triatoma infestans and other triatomines in the Argentinean arid Chaco before and after vector control interventions. J Vec Ecol. 2016;41:90–6.
Di Rienzo JA, Casanoves F, Balzarini MG, Gonzalez L, Tablada M, Robledo CW. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. 2016. Available from: http://www.infostat.com.ar/. Accessed 24 Jul 2020.
Kulldorff M. SaTScan TM User Guide. Boston. 2006. 87p.
Pan American Health Organization. PAHO/WHO. 2012. Bienes públicos regionales. Available at.
https://www.paho.org/per/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&category_slug=chagas-998&alias=260-programa-regional-para-control-enfermedad-chagas-america-latina-iniciativa-bienes-publicos-regionales-0&Itemid=1031 Accessed 2 Oct 2020.
Gürtler RE, Kitron U, Cecere MC, Segura EL, Cohen JE. Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, Argentina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:16194–9.
Espino FE, Koops V, Manderson L. Community participation and tropical disease control in resource-poor settings Organization WH, editor. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
Monroy C, Bustamante DM, Pineda S, Rodas A, Castro X, Ayala V, et al. House improvements and community participation in the control of Triatoma dimidiata re-infestation in Jutiapa, Guatemala. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25:168–78.
Lardeux F, Depickére S, Aliaga C, Chavez T, Zambrana L. Experimental control of Triatoma infestans in poor rural villages of Bolivia through community participation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109:150–8.
Gaspe MS, Provecho YM, Fernández MP, Vassena CV, Santo Orihuela PL, Gürtler RE. Beating the odds: Sustained Chagas disease vector control in remote indigenous communities of the Argentine Chaco over a seven-year period. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006804.
Moncayo A, Silveira AC. Current epidemiological trends of Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges: Epidemiology, surveillance, and health policies. American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease. Elsevier; 2017;59–88.
De Urioste-Stone SM, Pennington PM, Pellecer E, Aguilar TM, Samayoa G, Perdomo HD, et al. Development of a community-based intervention for the control of Chagas disease based on peridomestic animal management: an eco-bio-social perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109:159–67.
Rifkin SB. Paradigms lost: toward a new understanding of community participation in health programmes. Acta Trop. 1996;61:79–92.
Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Spillmann C, Zaidenberg M, Gürtler RE, Kitron U. Spatial Heterogeneity and Risk Maps of Community Infestation by Triatoma infestans in Rural Northwestern Argentina. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1788.
Schofield CJ, Dias JCP. A cost-benefit analysis of Chagas disease control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86(3):285–95.
Basombrio MA, Schofield CJ, Rojas CL, Del Rey EC. Un análisis de costo-beneficio del control de la enfermedad de Chagas en el noroeste de Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92:137–43.
Akhavan D. Análise de custo-efetividade do programa de controle da doença de Chagas no Brasil. Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; 2000. p. 271.
Schofield CJ. Triatominae: biology & control. Eurocommunica publications. West Sussex, UK 1994. p 80.
Gorla DE, Porcasi X, Hrellac H, Catalá SS. Spatial stratification of house infestation by Triatoma infestans in La Rioja, Argentina. Am J Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:405–9.
Porcasi X, Catalá SS, Hrellac H, Scavuzzo MC, Gorla DE. Infestation of rural houses by Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in southern area of Gran Chaco in Argentina. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:1060–7.
Gorla DE. Remotely sensed environmental variables as indicators of Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) distribution. Ecol Austral. 2002;12:117–27.
Curto de Casas SI, Carcavallo RU. Climate change and vector-borne diseases distribution. Soc Sci Med. 1995;40:1437–40.
Gürtler RE, Yadon ZE. Eco-bio-social research on community-based approaches for Chagas disease vector control in Latin America. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109:91–8.

Download PDF

Journal Publication

published 05 Feb, 2021

Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors →

Editorial decision: Major Revision
10 Dec, 2020
Review #2 received at journal
02 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed at journal
29 Nov, 2020
Review #1 received at journal
22 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited by journal
01 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed at journal
01 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned by journal
16 Oct, 2020
Submission checks completed at journal
15 Oct, 2020
Editor invited by journal
15 Oct, 2020
First submitted to journal
14 Oct, 2020

You are reading this latest preprint version

Impact involving the community in entomological surveillance of the Triatoma infestans vectorial control

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Study area:

Entomological evaluation without community participation

Entomological evaluation with community participation:

Costs with and without community participation

Climatic Variables

Data analysis:

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1