The notion of IoT has greater impact on the lives of the human beings. It has crept in both the domestic as well as business lives of the human kind. In recent years, with the evolution of IoT, the world has witnessed transformation of human life style in many possible ways. Various fields like manufacturing units, inventories, agricultural sectors, etc., are experiencing the huge transformation with the advent of IoT in everyday lives. The concept IoT has been evolving for around two decades and attracts several researchers and academicians due to the estimation of having a greater impact in the emerging world to improve and enhance the lives of the society. The emergency of IoT technology tries to amalgamate everything which is available in this world. IoT is considered a growing technology of everyday life. The biggest challenge in the utilization of IoT is the concept of intercommunication between appliances. The difficulty in the controllability of various devices, clustering different technology, automation of devices of different nature, etc., are some of the challenges which are prevailing in the usage or the integration of IoT into various devices.
When the things are connected over an internet to make them work together by cooperating with one another to facilitate an ideal service as a whole and not the combination of devices that works independently. This idea is much useful in several real-world applications, for instance, smart residence, in which automatic opening and closing of windows based on the switching on and off of an air conditioner or based on the oxygen availability inside the room. Even the public sectors are benefitted using IoT technology in these years. Myriad benefits are experienced everyday by various government and service sectors. IoT enabled applications benefits public sectors in numerous ways like in handling public safety, maintaining and management of resource, city governance, trffic handling and much more.
Many health care benefits are also made possible with the help of IoT devices. Health care benefits like monitoring the patients during their hazardous difficult situation, several hospital administration benefits are made viable to all due to IoT in the field of medicine. IoT benefits can be traced even in th field of agricultural sector as well. Automated irrigation system, crop monitoring technology benefits the farmers of large scale. it simplifies their physical labour. Wireless IoT applications help the livestock management people in updating the status of the cattles. The intergration of automation and IoT in smart watches and fitness trackers also benefits public in monitoring their health. It also further entertains the public through automated music system, smart home technology also enables to set timer and information in our finger tips.
Integration of smart technology at home also results in experiencing myriad benefits. Automation and IoTin various gadjets like smart refrigerators, smart bulbs, smart plugs, smart thermostats, etc., are some of the examples which make things easier in our daily lives. These features help in giving alert messages regarding the stock availability, conservation of energy, etc. The application and usage of IoT technology is limitless. Capability and adjustability of integration of IoT with other device is wide. The relevant information can be obtained, the performance can be monitored, and even it can be controlled from a distance. It is evident that the benefits of IoT is unlimited. The applications of IoT has brought newer promise to the world in bringing immense value to human lives. No longer it remains as a fanciful vision rather it can be experienced by everybody.
The introduction of IoT leads to the transformation of the World into more advanced nature in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Through IoT various devices are embedded with internet connectivity which enables to share data with other devices used around human environment. The possibility of exchanging data with other system around us made numerous possible things over the web. The interconnection of web is made possible beyond phones and computers due to the initiation of IoT. As a result of initiation of IoT with other house hold and official devices, features like analytical and computing capabilities are made possible. Several devices are involved in implementation of smart technology with the help of IoT. The devices like sensors, actuators, IoT gateway, the cloud, interface, etc., make the implementation of IoT in this era. All these components are tied together with the help of automation for the smooth flow of work. The operational efficiency can be increased with the help of the feature of automation and IoT.
The IoT facilitates the machine to machine and human to machine communication using a standard protocol. Furthermore it enhances workplace safety in all possible ways. The workplace devices which is equipped with sensors will help in detecting failures, maintainance of the working circumstances. Compliance, safety, efficiency, etc can be resolved by IoT and automation. Moreover, this technology helps in overcoming and navigating the longstanding problems with ease. It provides opportunities for new invention in the hands of technology. The global network transformed the ICT with smart device applications [1]. IoT is a self-motivated network that interconnects the physical and virtual objects together [2]. It has been developed from the convergence of wireless technology, embedded micro-chip and micro-electromechanical system and internet for standard configuration and to accomplish interoperable communication by with the help of embedded systems for the integration of network and things seamlessly [3].
The development of embedded microchip device has been improved which when interconnected with internet gives rise to a concept called “Internet of Things”. The IOT makes use of a set of wireless connectivity like Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, Bluetooth etc. and wireless protocols like HTTP, MQTT, 6LowPAN, CoAP etc. to facilitate better end to end communication among the smart devices and applications [4]. The smart and intelligent devices need scalability for resource constrain, data security, secure packet transmission and power efficiency using RESTful architecture to integrate the cloud services. For a successful connection and interoperability, a developer should understand the complexities and standards of the evolving embedded system based on their IOT device. The embedded system is an electronic device which includes a microcontroller that helps in performing the operations like debugging, user modification or to encode a software which can control the devices.
The monitoring and control of multiple devices using embedded wireless system is going on developing in recent years with the advancement in IOT, as it leads to a new revolution in the field of ICT [5]. The number of smart devices connected to IOT and the smartphones that can access those are exponentially increasing [6]. The Single on Chip (SoC) technology in homes and offices improves the comfort of the lives of people, security and efficient power management. It also enhances the lifestyle of disabled and elderly people who needs additional support for their daily life. Hence, the growth of embedded based IOT is recently accomplishing more attention in the control and monitoring of smart devices and various wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and RFID are evolving in the automation of such devices. Thus, the wireless technology is going on improving in resource sharing and device to device communication via internet using the embedded systems and internet protocols. This technology gives rise to the automation in the development of smart devices, smart city, smart home, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, smart industry etc. Several researches have been carried out in the development of embedded system based IOT by several industrialists and academicians due to its demand in the connectivity of world with security, comfort, convenience and better quality of lives.
The implementation of intelligent embedded system based IOT for remote data transfer, sensing, controlling and monitoring multiple devices with web applications by the integration of wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Z-Waves, ZigBee, RFID and Cellular network [7].
TABLE I: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY VS. PROTOCOLS
Wireless Technology
|
Distance (m)
|
Data Rate
|
Frequency Band
|
RFID
|
5
|
640 kbps
|
3 to 30 MHz
|
BLE
|
10
|
1 Mbps
|
2.4 GHz
|
ZigBee
|
10 to 100
|
250 kbps
|
2.4 GHz
|
Z-Wave
|
100
|
9.6/40 kbps
|
908.42 Hz
|
Wi-Fi
|
> 100
|
54 to 600 Mbps
|
2.4 GHz
|
Table I shows the comparison of wireless technologies and protocols on the basis of distance, data rate and frequency band. The data sharing and communication between human to things and things to things over a certain distance is based on the transmission and reception through radio waves had been facilitated by the wireless technology. The transmitting and receiving the packets from physical to application layer had been facilitated by the protocols like HTTP, MQTT and CoAP. When the protocols MQTT and CoAP was compared in such a way that the most of the functionalities like level of Quality of Service (QoS), multicast security, congestion control frequent message occurrences and message tenacity, the MQTT was found to have better performance, whereas when the reliability, bandwidth and Round-Trip Time (RTT) were compared, the CoAP was found to have better performance [8].
In comparison with the protocols like CoAP and HTTP, tested with around ten thousand smart devices with a benchmark as Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) along with some technical parameters like energy consumption and data formed while transmitting through applications, CoAP had performed well when compared with HTTP in the sense that the energy consumption was 6x less than that of HTTP PUSH mode. Also, the CoAP protocols generated 62 GB data/month and the HTTP protocol generated 434 GB data/month [9]. These wireless technologies and protocols have been used in several embedded based IOT systems for monitoring and control of various smart devices and enhancing the communication between humans to things and things to things.