1.
|
Rodgers (1979)
|
56 countries (DCs & LDCs)
|
Multiple Regression
|
GC and others
|
LE and IMR
|
Higher income inequality strongly associated to lower life expectancy
|
2.
|
Flegg (1979)
|
60 non-industrialised countries
|
OLS
|
Atkinson Index
|
Fertility Rate
|
10% reduction in Atkinson index leads to reduced birth rates by 2.2%
|
3.
|
Flegg (1982)
|
46 LDCs and 13 DCs
|
OLS; 2SLS
|
Gini Index
|
IMR
|
Inequality increases IMR
|
4.
|
Pampel and Pillai (1986)
|
18 industrialised countries
|
OLS
|
Gini Index
|
IMR
|
No association between higher income inequality and IMR
|
5.
|
Wilkinson (1992)
|
9 industrialised countries
|
Multiple Regression
|
Proportion of income to those below 7th decile
|
LE
|
Higher income inequality strongly correlated to reduced life expectancy
|
6.
|
Wennemo (1993)
|
11 industrialised countries
|
Multiple Regression
|
Gini Index
|
IMR
|
Higher income inequality associated to higher infant mortality rate
|
7.
|
Judge (1995)
|
13 industrialised countries
|
Multiple Regression
|
Gini Index; income shares
|
LE
|
No relation between income inequality and LE
|
8.
|
Kawachi et al. (1997)
|
39 US States
|
OLS
|
Robin Hood Index; Income decile
|
AAMR
|
Higher income inequality correlated with higher AAMR
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
9.
|
Judge et al. (1998)
|
16 industrialised countries
|
OLS
|
Income Shares, GI
|
LE, IMR
|
No relation between inequality and LE; no relation between change in inequality and change in LE and IMR
|
10.
|
Walberg et al. (1998)
|
Russia
|
Probit Regression
|
Robin Hood index
|
Change in LE
|
Higher income inequality leads to lower life expectancy
|
11.
|
Chiang (1999)
|
Taiwan
|
OLS
|
50% Income Shares, GI
|
AAMR, UMR
|
Weak association between income inequality and AAMR but UMR associated with higher income inequality
|
12.
|
Wolfson et al. (1999)
|
50 US States
|
Multiple regression
|
Gini Index
|
Risk of mortality
|
Weaker link between the level of income inequality and observed mortality in each state
|
13.
|
LeClere and Soobadar (2000)
|
US counties
|
Logistic Regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
Higher income inequality correlated with poorer SRH, for only whites with age 18 to 44 and not associated in other age groups
|
14.
|
Mellor and Milyo (2002)
|
50 US States
|
Probit Regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
No relation between income inequality and SRH
|
15.
|
Shibuya et al. (2002)
|
Japan
|
Probit Regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
Higher income inequality not associated with an increased likelihood of poor health
|
16.
|
Shi et al. (2003)
|
US States
|
Cross-sectional analysis
|
Gini Index
|
Stroke mortality
|
Income inequality has a reduced effect on stroke mortality
|
17.
|
Wen et al. (2003)
|
US States
|
Hierarchical ordinal logit model
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
Income inequality is not a structurally important determinant of SRH
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
18.
|
Messias (2003)
|
Brazilian States
|
Simple and Multiple Linear Regression
|
Gini Index
|
LE
|
Income inequality negatively affects LE
|
19.
|
McLeod et al. (2003)
|
Canada
|
Maximum likelihood ordered logit model
|
Income share of the poorest 50%
|
SRH
|
No association between income inequality and poor health
|
20.
|
Subramanian and Kawachi (2004)
|
50 US States
|
Logit model
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
For every 5% increase in income inequality, odds ratio of having poor health increased by 1.32%
|
21.
|
Vogli et al. (2005)
|
Italy and 25 DCs
|
Linear Regression
|
Gini Index
|
LE
|
Income inequality independently associated with life expectancy in Italy. Strong negative correlation in cross national analysis
|
22.
|
Ram (2005)
|
US States
|
OLS
|
Gini Index
|
Death crude rate
|
Income inequality exerted on mortality, significantly
|
23.
|
Ram (2006)
|
108 countries (cross-sectional)
|
OLS
|
GI, income share of top 10%
|
IMR
|
Cross-country association found negative between income inequality and health
|
24.
|
Li and Zhu (2006)
|
8 Chinese Provinces
|
Probit Regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH, physical functions, ADL
|
Inverted U-association between income inequality and SRH, implying higher inequality poses health threats
|
25.
|
Wilkinson and Pickett (2006)
|
Countrywide studies
|
Meta-analysis of 155 studies
|
--
|
--
|
Negative effect of income inequality on health was found in 70 percent of the studies
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
26.
|
Subramanian et al. (2007)
|
India (1998-1999 cross-sectional National Family Health Survey)
|
Multi-nominal logistic regression
|
Gini Index
|
BMI
|
Risk of under and over nutrition at the individual level significantly associated with income inequality
|
27.
|
Safaei (2007)
|
10 Canadian Provinces
|
--
|
Income groups
|
HUI, CHC, SAIH
|
Income inequalities caused health inequality
|
28.
|
Chen and Meltzer (2008)
|
9 Chinese Provinces
|
Multi-level linear probability model
|
Coefficient of variation
|
Health risk factors, obesity & hypertension
|
Health risk factors positively associated with increasing community income inequality
|
29.
|
Babones (2008)
|
126 countries (1970 and 1995)
|
Polynomial Regression
|
Gini Index
|
LE, IMR and Murder rate
|
Income inequality significantly correlated with LE, IMR and inconsistently with murder rate
|
30.
|
Kondo et al. (2009)
|
11 countries
|
Meta regression
|
Gini Index
|
Premature mortality and SRH
|
Income inequality is linked with a modest excess risk of premature mortality and SRH
|
31.
|
Biggs et al. (2010)
|
22 Latin American countries (1960-2007)
|
Fixed Effects
|
Gini Index
|
LE, IMR and TB
|
Inequality has no significant direct effect on public health
|
32.
|
Torre and Myrskylä (2011)
|
21 rich countries (1975-2006)
|
Random Effects
|
Gini Index
|
ASMR and LE
|
Strong positive association between income inequality and mortality rate
|
33.
|
Esmaeili et al. (2011)
|
24 Islamic countries (1996-2004)
|
OLS
|
Gini Index, Income share
|
LE and IMR
|
Income inequality not a determinant of health
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
34.
|
Karlsdotter et al. (2012)
|
Spanish life conditions survey for 2007
|
Multilevel logistic regression
|
Gini Index, Theil and Atkinson indices
|
SRH and Chronic illness
|
Income inequality measures had no significant connection with health outcomes
|
35.
|
Feng et al. (2012)
|
Longitudinal survey data for 23 Chinese Provinces (2008)
|
Multilevel logistic model
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
Province level income inequality affects health of elderly
|
36.
|
Qi (2012)
|
57 OECD & non-OECD countries (2005)
|
Logistic regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
No independent adverse effect of country income inequality on SRH
|
37.
|
Lau et al. (2012)
|
Hon Kong (1976-2000)
|
Negative binomial regression
|
Gini Index
|
All- cause and cause-specific deaths
|
Positive association between income inequality and mortality
|
38.
|
Grönqvist et al. (2012)
|
Swedish population aged 16-65 / 16-74
|
OLS; Instrumental Variable
|
Gini Index and others
|
Risk of being hospitalised
|
Income inequality has no significant effect on health
|
39.
|
Sun et al. (2012)
|
12,449 middle and high schools’ students from 7 Chinese cities (2002)
|
OLS
|
SPRII
|
SRH, depression, stress and cigarette smoking
|
Positive relationship between SPRII and SRH but no association between SPRII and stress
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
40.
|
Rasella et al. (2013)
|
27 Brazilian states (2000-2009)
|
Fixed Effects Estimation
|
Gini Index/ Percentile dispersion ratio
|
LE
|
Income inequality negatively associated with life expectancy
|
41.
|
Baeten et al. (2013)
|
China (1991-2006)
|
Probit Model
|
IRHI
|
SRH
|
Rising income inequality related to poor health
|
42.
|
Pop et al. (2013)
|
140 countries (1987-2008)
|
Hybrid Fixed Effects Model
|
Net Gini
|
LE
|
Higher inequality associated with lower LE for low- and middle-income countries but insignificant for DCs
|
43.
|
Hamilton and Kawachi (2013)
|
35,620 US immigrants
|
Logistic regression
|
Gini Index
|
SRH
|
Less income inequality leads to better health
|
44.
|
Rajan et al. (2013)
|
2001 Indian Census & 60th Round of Indian National Statistical Survey
|
Logistic regression
|
Gini Index; 90/10- & 80/20-income ratios
|
IMR, UMR and SRH
|
Income inequality is a strong determinant of health at the individual level but not at the state and district level
|
45.
|
Herzer and Nunnenkamp (2014)
|
19 DCs and 59 LDCs
|
Panel ARDL
|
Gini Index
|
LE
|
Income inequality increases life expectancy in DCs and significantly reduces life expectancy in LDCs
|
46.
|
Rözer and Volker (2015)
|
30 DCs
|
Multi-level regression
|
Net Gini
|
SRH
|
Income inequality had negative impacts on health, but the effect faded away after age 36
|
47.
|
Vincens and Stafström (2015)
|
Brazil (2002-2009)
|
Random Effects
|
Gini Index
|
Stroke Mortality Rate
|
Income inequality independently associated with stroke mortality rates despite controlling for GDP per capita
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
48.
|
Siddiqi et al. (2015)
|
US States (1990-2007)
|
Fixed Effects and Random Effects
|
Gini
|
IMR
|
Income inequality inversely associated with IMR, but with time, it had increased positive association with IMR
|
49.
|
Bakkeli (2016)
|
China
|
Fixed Effects
|
Theil index & Gini Index
|
Blood pressure, WHR, MAMC and overweight
|
Income inequality does not have significant impact on individual health
|
50.
|
Undurraga et al. (2016)
|
Bolivian Amazon
|
Negative binomial model, ordered logit, OLS and logistic regression
|
Income shares of the poorest 20%
|
SRH, WHZ, blood pressure and body fat
|
Income transfers to rural households increased perceived stress of the better off and reduced the perceived health stress of the poorest
|
51.
|
Elgar et al. (2016)
|
40 industrialised countries (1994-2014)
|
Hybrid FE model
|
Net Gini
|
Psychological and physical symptoms
|
Early life income inequality has adverse impacts on health and well-being of adolescent girls
|
52.
|
Ward & Viner (2017)
|
103 countries (2012)
|
Cross-Sectional Regression
|
National Gini Coefficient
|
IMR
|
Gini positively associated with increased all-cause and communicable disease mortality in both sexes across all age groups.
|
53.
|
Ribeiro et al. (2017)
|
Meta-analysis of 27 studies
|
Meta-regression
|
Gini, Theil & Atkinson Indices
|
Mental illness related morbidity
|
Income inequality linked with mental health issues, with a small overall effect
|
54.
|
Pasqualini et al. (2017)
|
12 European countries (1920-1956)
|
OLS
|
Gini Index
|
SRH, BMI, chronic diseases
|
Country income inequality are associated negatively with health conditions
|
55.
|
Moeller et al. (2017)
|
US
|
Chi-square tests
|
Gini Index
|
Oral health
|
Income inequality affects oral health
|
S/N
|
Author(s), Year
|
Sample
|
Estimation Method
|
Proxy(s) of Income Inequality
|
Proxy(s) of Health
|
Findings
|
56.
|
Odusanya and Agboola (2017)
|
Nigeria
|
ARDL
|
Gini Index
|
IMR
|
Inequality exerts negatively on health
|
57.
|
Hill and Jorgenson (2018)
|
50 US states and Columbia District (2000, 2005, 2010)
|
Two-way Fixed Effects
|
GI, income shares for top 10, 5 & 1 %
|
LE
|
State-level income inequality inversely associated with male and female life expectancy. Same general pattern across all the measures of income inequality.
|
58.
|
Matthew and Brodersen (2018)
|
50 US States
|
Probit regression
|
State-Level Gini index
|
Behavioural, physical and mental health
|
Income inequality has significant relationship with all health outcomes
|
59.
|
Vilda et al. (2019)
|
US Census American Community Survey
|
Poisson Regression
|
Gini Coeff.
|
Pregnancy related mortality
|
Income-inequality is related to pregnancy related mortality
|
60.
|
Odusanya & Akinlo (2021)
|
31 SSA countries (1995-2015)
|
GMM
|
Gini Index
|
LE, IMR, UMR
|
Income inequality significantly contributes to poor population health
|