3.1. Land Use and Land Cover Results
The study region's land use/land cover units were divided into five categories: dense forest, grazing land, agriculture, built up area, bare land, and water bodies. Based on the years 1989, 2005, and 2019, statistics of land use/land cover change in general and built up area change in particular were computed and summarized to discover the nature of the changes.
In the first study period (1989), the dominating land use, farm land, and forest land, respectively, took up (7825.95ha) and (6831.3ha) of the total area, followed by grass land covers (2786.94ha), bare land covers (1319.14ha), built-up-area covers (1088.19)ha, and water bodies covers (49.14ha). Built-up-area and forest land cover the most land in 2019, accounting for 6091.12ha and 5724.08ha, respectively, followed by farm land 5338.8, grass land 1614.84ha, barren land 1119.09ha, and water bodies 13ha of land from the total area of the town.
3.2. Change Detection
The land use/land cover change scenario was created for the change detection analysis in order to comprehend and quantify the trend of land use/land cover change in general and built-up area change in particular for each of the three study periods. In addition, the built-up area cover change has been compiled in the form of maps and data to evaluate the precise character and extent of the built-up area cover changes in the study region between the given dates of imageries. The rate of land use/coverage is seen in (table 1). In the three studied periods, the area covered by built-up area has only showed a maximum rate of increase. In 1989, the built-up area covered (5.5%) climbed to 19.2 percent in 2005, and then to 30.6 percent in 2019. Between 1989 and 2019, there was a temporal urban expansion. The percentage of land covered by forestland decreased from 34.33 percent in 1989 to 29.95 percent in 2005, and then remained at 28.8 percent in 2019. Garss land covered 14 percent of the area in 1989, fell to 12 percent in 2005, and finally to 8.1 percent in 2019. In 1989, farming covered 39 percent of the total area, fell to 32 percent in 2003, and finally remained at 26.8% in 2019. Similarly, there has been a steady drop in bar land and water bodies from 1989 to 2019.
The major land cover change source and destination of cover classes change conversion matrix is investigated to better understand the major land cover change. Between 1989 and 2019, a change matrix was created based on the classification of satellite pictures shown in (Tables 2). The areal distribution of land cover/ land use classes that have undergone transformation from one type to another or have lost their areal extents or stayed intact is shown in the Confusion Matrix table. For example, the built-up area increased at the expense of grass land (936.5 ha), forest land (497.52 ha), bare ground (700.84 ha), and farm land (2868.34 ha). The bolded diagonal values represent the unchanging land use / land cover that kept its initial land cover / land use unit throughout the year (Table 2).
We can deduce from this agricultural land has been shrinking, while urban land has been growing at an alarming rate. As discussed in the literature review cited by several studies such as (Basudeb Bhatta, et al. 2011), urbanization has primarily imposed tremendous pressure on existing land use, the most affected of which is agricultural lands, which are being converted to build up areas at an alarming rate.
Table 1. Rate of land covers change
LULC class
|
Rate land use /land cover change
|
1989-2005
|
2005-2019
|
1989-2019
|
|
Hectare
|
rate of change(ha/ye)
|
Hectare
|
rate of change(ha/ye)
|
Hectare
|
rate of change(ha/ye)
|
Farm Land
|
-1413.31
|
-94.22
|
-1073.84
|
-72
|
2487.15
|
-83
|
Grass land
|
-398.1
|
-26.54
|
-774
|
-52
|
-1172.1
|
-39.07
|
Forest land
|
-870.62
|
-58.04
|
-236.6
|
-15.8
|
-1107.22
|
-37
|
Bare land
|
-24.37
|
-1.62
|
-175.68
|
-11.8
|
-200.05
|
-6.7
|
Water bodes
|
-31.91
|
-2.1
|
- 4.5
|
0.3
|
-36.41
|
-1.2
|
Built up area
|
+2738.31
|
+182.56
|
+2264.62
|
+151
|
+5002.93
|
+166.8
|
Table 2. Matrix of land cover/land use changes between 1989 and 2019
Class name
|
LU/ LC UNIT IN 2019(ha)
|
Farm land
|
Built-up area
|
Water body
|
Grass land
|
Forest land
|
Bare Land
|
Total
|
LULC UNIT IN(ha)1989
|
Farm land
|
2880.2 (36.8 %)
|
2868.34
|
8.6
|
652.81
|
101.2
|
1314.8
|
7825.95
|
Built-up area
|
0.3
|
1077.06 (98.9 %)
|
1.96
|
8.05
|
0.82
|
0
|
1088.19
|
Water body
|
8.5
|
10.86
|
2.81 (5.7 %)
|
8.4
|
3.25
|
15.61
|
49.41
|
Grass land
|
820.25
|
936.5
|
0
|
763.6 (27.4)
|
166.7
|
99.89
|
2786.94
|
Forest land
|
597.05
|
497.52
|
0
|
68.27
|
4198.1 (61.5%)
|
116.3 (8.8%)
|
6831.3
|
Bare Land
|
892.5
|
700.84
|
0
|
113.71
|
40.82
|
786.06 (59.6%)
|
1319.14
|
|
Total
|
5338.8
|
6091.12
|
13
|
1614.84
|
5724.08
|
1119.09
|
19900.93
|
Within 30 years, from 1989 to 2019, Farmland land, grazing land, built up area, forest land, bare land, and water bodies were all classified as 2880.2, 763.6, 1077.06, 4198.1, 786.06, and 2.81, respectively. Land conversion, on the other hand, occurs when one type of land use is changed to another. For Instance, farm land to built up area was (2868.34ha), grazing to built up area (936.5ha) and forest land to built up area (497.52ha) (Table 2) (Table 2)
Table 3. Trends and Rates of built up area expansion
For the stud years, the built-up area in hectare
|
Rate of Change
|
Area change
|
(ha/yr
|
Area change
|
(ha/yr
|
Area change
|
(ha/yr
|
1989
|
2005
|
2019
|
1989-2005
|
1989-2005
|
2005-2019
|
2005-2019
|
1989-2019
|
1989-2019
|
1088.2
|
3826.5
|
6091.12
|
+2738.31
|
+182.56
|
+2264.62
|
+151
|
+5002.93
|
+166.8
|
3.3. Areal Extent and Rate of Expansion of Built-Up Area
Within a time series, three satellite images from 1989, 2005, and 2019 were utilized to track the amount and rate of urbanization. During the analysis stage, a digital image interpretation of built-up area expansion was performed for each year, and the total area of the built-up area in hectares and its percentage from each date of satellite interpretations were calculated and summarized. Table 3 shows a map of urban expansion and total built-up area coverage for the years 1988, 2005, and 2019. In 1989, 1888.2 ha (5.5%) of the study area was covered with built-up area, according to this finding (table 3). In the meantime, the town's built-up area was 3826.5 hectares (19.23%) in 2005 and 6091.12 ha (30.6%) in 2019. Between 1989 and 2005, the built-up area of the land expanded by 13.8 percent. While built-up area expanded by 11.38 percent from 2005 to 2019, accounting for 25.1 percent of total land area. From 1989 to 2005, the annual pace of urban expansion was +182.56ha (-3826.5 - 1088.2/15years), and from 2005 to 2019, it was +151ha (6091.12-3826.5ha/15years). Furthermore, the computed figure is +166.8ha per year (6091.12-1088.2/30) when the yearly rate of urban expansion is taken into account between 1989 and 2019.
3.4. Patterns of urban expansion
The result displays the area share of other land use land cover units as well as the amount of other land cover and land use units transformed into built-up area during three periods. Between 1988 and 2018, the pattern of various land use/ land cover units changed to build up area is depicted ( figure 4).Between 1988 and 2018, 5003 hectares of alternative land cover land use units were converted to built-up areas, as illustrated in (figure 4). Specifically, 57.3 percent of farmland is converted to built-up area, with grassland, bare ground, and forest land being converted to 18.7%, 14%, and 10%, respectively.
3.5. The Socio-Economic Results
Peri-urban development that is well-planned and sustainable creates a variety of options that help to alleviate poverty. Infrastructure such as power, roads, telephone lines, new schools, and health centers are easily accessible by locals as a result of the rise of commercial and market centers (Mandere et al., 2010). As a result, urbanization has a disproportionately negative impact on impoverished people's livelihoods by reducing the natural resources available to them. The increasing conversion of land to non-agricultural uses is jeopardizing the dominating agricultural operations, which are the primary source of income for people living in peri-urban areas (Ampong et al., 2005).
However, it was discovered in a land use/land cover change analysis that urbanization is expanding at the expense of other land uses, with agricultural land being the most impacted. When compared to the situation prior to 1988, 98 percent of those polled said there had been an increase in urbanization. Agriculture is a major source of income for rural households. The physical form of the environment, as well as the economic and social characteristics of the peri-urban interface, is affected by changes in land use from rural to urban activity (DFID 1999). As a result of the town's expansion, 77 percent of the sample homes in the research region lost their own land, according to the present survey. The rise of commercial and market centers, as well as infrastructure such as power, roads, and telephone services, as well as new schools and health centers, are all contributing to urban expansion in the studied region.
This section clarifies what respondents saw as effects of urbanization on their livelihood. The influence of urbanization on people's livelihoods was asked of all responders. As a result, the majority of respondents (36%) agreed that the primary impacts of urban expansion are loss of agricultural land, loss of grassland for cattle, loss of clean environment, and loss of shelter (Table 4). About 57 percent of respondents proposed vertical expansion as a way to restrict urban expansion when asked about remedies. Developing a new technology for tracking developer activity. According to 43 percent of respondents, this will aid in minimizing uncontrolled urban expansion and the resulting loss of agricultural areas.
Table 4. Impact urban expansion on the livelihood of the community
Impacts of urban expansion
|
Frequency
|
Percent (%)
|
loss of agricultural land
|
47
|
36
|
loss of shelter
|
8
|
10
|
loss of clean environment
|
10
|
26
|
loss of grass land
|
35
|
28
|
Total
|
108
|
100
|