Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of children and their caregivers are presented in Table 1. Slightly more males (53.1%) than females (46.9%) were sampled and as expected, there were more children in the older age group of 12–23 months (58.4%) than among 6–11 months (41.6%.) As reported by mothers/caretakers, most of the children (88%), had normal birth weight, i.e., more than 2.5 kilograms. Almost four out of 10 (37.4%) were born through cesarean section delivery. Given the location of the hospital amidst a traditional Newar community, more than half of the sampled children were of Newar ethnicity (55%), followed by Janjati (26.9%) and Chhetri (11.1%). (Table 1)
Table 1
Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of sampled children aged 6–23 months
Characteristics | N | % |
Gender |
Female | 143 | 46.9 |
Male | 162 | 53.1 |
Age in months |
11-Jun | 127 | 41.6 |
23-Dec | 178 | 58.4 |
Birth weight |
Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) | 30 | 9.8 |
Normal birth weight (> 2.5 kg) | 270 | 88.5 |
NA | 5 | 1.6 |
Type of delivery/birth |
Vaginal | 191 | 62.6 |
Cesarean Section | 114 | 37.4 |
Ethnicity |
Brahmin | 15 | 4.9 |
Chhetri | 34 | 11.1 |
Dalit | 6 | 2 |
Janajati | 82 | 26.9 |
Newar | 168 | 55.1 |
The majority of primary caregivers were mothers of the children (79.3%) followed by grandmothers (11.5%) while fathers were the primary caregivers of less than two percent of the children. There were very few mothers who had never attended school (4.3%) while most of the mothers had attended six to 10 years of school, i.e., secondary level education (33.8%) followed by 11 to 12 years of school, i.e., higher secondary level (26.6%) and Bachelor’s degree (20%) but very few had a Master’s degree (6.2%). Fathers’ education levels was also similar to that of the mothers. More than two third of the mothers were homemakers (67.2%) while around a third (32.5%) were engaged in some form of income generating activities. (Table 2)
Table 2
Characteristics of caregivers of the enrolled children
Characteristics | N | % |
Primary caretaker |
Mother | 242 | 79.3 |
Father | 5 | 1.6 |
Grandmother | 35 | 11.5 |
Mother & Father | 8 | 2.6 |
Mother & Grandmother | 4 | 1.3 |
Father & Grandmother | 3 | 1 |
Others | 8 | 2.6 |
Mother's education |
No education (never attended school) | 13 | 4.3 |
Primary (0–5 years of school) | 28 | 9.2 |
Secondary (6–10 years of school) | 103 | 33.8 |
Higher secondary (11–12 years of school) | 81 | 26.6 |
Bachelor's degree | 61 | 20 |
Master's degree | 19 | 6.2 |
Father's education |
No education (never attended school) | 10 | 3.3 |
Primary (0–5 years of school) | 33 | 10.8 |
Secondary (6–10 years of school) | 102 | 33.4 |
Higher secondary (11–12 years of school) | 78 | 25.6 |
Bachelor's degree | 59 | 19.3 |
Master's degree | 19 | 6.2 |
NA | 4 | 1.3 |
Mother's occupation |
Homemaker | 205 | 67.2 |
Engaged in income generation | 99 | 32.5 |
NA | 1 | 0.3 |
Father's occupation |
Foreign employment | 19 | 6.2 |
Other profession | 282 | 92.5 |
NA | 4 | 1.3 |
Infant and Young Child Feeding practices
Table 3 provides information on infant and young child feeding practices. Breastfeeding was nearly universal amongst the sampled children as almost all of them (97.7%) were breastfed at some time. Breastfeeding rates were still almost equally high (94.1%) at one year of age. However, only less than half of the children (47.9%) were breastfed within one hour of birth. Almost half (48.5%) of the children were fed with a bottle in the previous 24 hours.
Looking at the percentage of children aged 6–23 months who were fed according to the minimum recommended standards of the WHO: overall, two-thirds (66.2%) of the children had received the minimum dietary diversity, almost eight out of ten (79.1%) had received the minimum meal frequency and little more than half (54.4%) had met the criteria of minimum acceptable diet the previous day.
Table 3
Infant and young child feeding practices of sampled children aged 6–23 months as provided by their mothers/caretakers
IYCF practices | Total N | n | % |
Children who were ever breastfed | 305 | 298 | 97.7 |
Children with timely initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour) | 305 | 146 | 47.9 |
Children 12–15 months with continued breastfeeding at 1 year | 119 | 112 | 94.1 |
Children 20–23 months with continued breastfeeding at 2 years | 4 | 4 | 100 |
Children who were bottle fed | 305 | 148 | 48.5 |
Children 6–8 months with timely initiation of complementary foods | 4 | 4 | 100 |
Children who received the minimum dietary diversity | 305 | 202 | 66.2 |
Children who received the minimum meal frequency | 287 | 227 | 79.1 |
Children who received the minimum acceptable diet | 287 | 156 | 54.4 |
Mean number of food groups fed | 4 |
Note:
1 Minimum dietary diversity: Intake from at least four of the seven main food groups in the previous day. (The seven food groups include grains, roots and tubers, legumes and nuts, dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese), flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry and liver/organ meats), eggs, vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables.)
2Minimum meal frequency: The child consuming the minimum number of solid, semi-solid or soft food snacks/meals the previous day. (two or more times per day for a breastfed child aged 6–8 months; three or more times for a breastfed child aged 9–23 months and four or more times for non-breastfed children aged 6–23 months. Meals include both meals and snacks)
3Minimum acceptable diet: The composite of the minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity consumed by the children currently breastfeeding in the previous day. (For non-breastfeeding children, it is the composite of children who had at least 2 milk feeds and had the minimum dietary not including milk feeds, and the minimum meal frequency the previous day.)
Consumption of nutrient-poor packaged foods
Table 4 presents the practices related to the consumption of unhealthy packaged foods by the children aged 6–23 months.
Almost two third (63.0%) of the children aged 6–23 months had consumed nutrient-poor packaged foods in the past 24 hours. Similar proportion of them (62.7%) had consumed at least once while a quarter of them (25.4%) had consumed twice. Majority of the children were given those foods by mothers (64.1%) followed by fathers (12.5%) and grandmothers (9.4%). Biscuits was the most commonly given packaged food (52.1%) followed by chocolates (17.7%) and to a lesser extents various combinations of the nutrient-poor packaged foods. In addition, one third of the children (32.8%) were given tea in the previous 24 hours and mothers mentioned that often it was together with the biscuits.
Table 4
Practices of nutrient-poor packaged foods consumption of sampled children aged 6–23 months as provided by their mothers/caretaker
Consumption of nutrient-poor packaged foods | N | % |
Intake of any sugary or salty packaged food |
Yes | 192 | 63 |
No | 112 | 36.7 |
Don't know | 1 | 0.3 |
If yes, then frequency of intake of any sugary or salty packaged food |
1 | 121 | 62.7 |
2 | 49 | 25.4 |
3 | 14 | 7.3 |
> 3 | 8 | 4.1 |
Who usually gives the sugary or salty packaged food |
Mother | 123 | 64.1 |
Father | 24 | 12.5 |
Grandmother | 18 | 9.4 |
Grandfather | 3 | 1.6 |
Mother & Father | 5 | 2.6 |
Siblings | 12 | 6.3 |
Other relatives | 7 | 3.6 |
Type of sugary or salty packaged food given |
Chocolates | 34 | 17.7 |
Biscuits | 100 | 52.1 |
Chocolates and biscuits | 17 | 8.9 |
Chips or Cheeseball | 15 | 7.8 |
Noodles | 6 | 3.1 |
Pastries | 1 | 0.5 |
biscuits & cheeseball | 2 | 1 |
Biscuits & Noodles | 4 | 2.1 |
biscuits & pastries | 5 | 2.6 |
Chocolates & cheeseball | 1 | 0.5 |
chocolates & noodles | 1 | 0.5 |
Chocolates & pastries | 1 | 0.5 |
Noodles & Cheeseball | 1 | 0.5 |
noodles & pastries | 1 | 0.5 |
chocolates, biscuits & pastries | 1 | 0.5 |
chocolates, biscuits & noodles | 1 | 0.5 |
biscuits, pastries & noodles | 1 | 0.5 |
Child malnutrition status
The prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and overweight/obesity among the sampled children aged 6–23 months are presented in Table 5. Overall, 13.8% of the children were found to be stunted, 3.9% to be underweight and 1.7% to be wasted while 2.3% were overweight. Disaggregation for these indicators were conducted by age, sex, maternal and paternal education levels, ethnicity, birth weight status and delivery types.
Undernutrition was slightly higher amongst males than in females in all three indices. Stunting prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 14.8% (10.1; 21.2) among males versus 12.7% (8.1; 19.3) among females; underweight prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 4.9% (2.5; 9.6) among males versus 2.8% (1.0; 7.3) among females; and wasting prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 1.9% (0.6; 5.7) among males versus 1.4% (0.3; 5.5) among females. Overweight and obesity on the other hand was found to be slightly higher among females with its prevalence with 95% confidence interval being 2.8% (1.1; 7.3) among females versus 1.9% (0.6; 5.7) among males.
Stunting was higher in older age groups among the 12–23 month olds in comparison to 6–11 month olds 17.1% (12.2; 23.5) versus 9.3% ( 5.3; 15.7) respectively.
Stunting and underweight prevalence were higher among children who were born with low birth weight in comparison to born with normal birth weight: stunting prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 23.3% (11.5; 41.6) among those who were reported to be born with low birth weight versus 13.0% (9.5; 17.6) among those reported to be born with normal birth weight; underweight prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 6.7% (1.7; 23.2) among children with low birth weight versus 3.7% (2.0; 6.8) among those who had normal birth weights. However, wasting as well as overweight and obesity was found only among those born normal birth weight in this sample but was not present among children born low birth weight. Amongst children who were born normal birth weight, the wasting prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 2.6% (1.2; 5.4) and overweight/obesity prevalence with 95% confidence interval was 1.1% (0.4; 3.4).
The findings did not show any consistent pattern in the malnutrition status of the children by parental education levels and by the type of delivery. With regards to child’s ethnicity, Chhetri children had the highest levels of stunting and underweight as well as overweight/obesity but not wasting which was present only among Newar children (table 5).
Table 5: Stunting, underweight, wasting and overweight/obesity among sampled children aged 6–23 months and disaggregation by selected characteristics
Height-for-Age
Group | Weighted N | Unweighted N | -3SD (95% CI) | -2SD (95% CI) | z-score mean (95% CI) | z-score SD |
All children | 304 | 304 | 2.0 (0.9; 4.3) | 13.8 (10.4; 18.2) | -0.7 (-0.9; -0.6) | 1.14 |
Child's age group: |
06–11 mo | 129 | 129 | 1.6 (0.4; 6.0) | 9.3 ( 5.3; 15.7) | -0.5 (-0.7; -0.3) | 1.07 |
12–23 mo | 175 | 175 | 2.3 (0.9; 6.0) | 17.1 (12.2; 23.5) | -0.9 (-1.0; -0.7) | 1.18 |
Child's Sex: |
Female | 142 | 142 | 1.4 (0.3; 5.5) | 12.7 ( 8.1; 19.3) | -0.6 (-0.8; -0.5) | 1.13 |
Male | 162 | 162 | 2.5 (0.9; 6.4) | 14.8 (10.1; 21.2) | -0.8 (-1.0; -0.6) | 1.15 |
Maternal Education: |
No Education | 13 | 13 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 7.7 ( 1.1; 39.3) | -1.0 (-1.4; -0.7) | 0.66 |
Primary | 28 | 28 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 10.7 ( 3.5; 28.6) | -0.7 (-1.1; -0.3) | 1.04 |
Secondary | 102 | 102 | 1.9 (0.5; 7.5) | 20.4 (13.7; 29.3) | -0.9 (-1.1; -0.7) | 1.06 |
Higher Secondary | 81 | 81 | 1.2 (0.2; 8.3) | 6.2 ( 2.6; 14.0) | -0.6 (-0.8; -0.4) | 1 |
Bachelors | 60 | 60 | 3.3 (0.8; 12.5) | 15.0 ( 8.0; 26.5) | -0.6 (-1.0; -0.3) | 1.36 |
Masters | 19 | 19 | 5.3 (0.7; 29.6) | 15.8 ( 5.1; 39.3) | -0.4 (-1.1; 0.3) | 1.61 |
Father's Education: |
No Education | 10 | 10 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 10.0 ( 1.4; 47.0) | -0.6 (-1.3; 0.1) | 1.2 |
Primary | 33 | 33 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 12.1 ( 4.6; 28.3) | -0.8 (-1.1; -0.5) | 0.91 |
Secondary | 102 | 102 | 2.0 (0.5; 7.6) | 12.7 ( 7.5; 20.8) | -0.8 (-1.0; -0.6) | 1.06 |
Higher Secondary | 78 | 78 | 3.8 (1.2; 11.3) | 16.7 ( 9.9; 26.7) | -0.9 (-1.2; -0.6) | 1.3 |
Bachelors | 58 | 58 | 1.7 (0.2; 11.4) | 13.8 ( 7.0; 25.3) | -0.5 (-0.8; -0.2) | 1.16 |
Masters | 19 | 19 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 10.5 ( 2.6; 33.9) | -0.2 (-0.7; 0.3) | 1.1 |
Child's Ethnicity: |
Brahmin | 15 | 15 | 6.7 (0.9; 35.5) | 13.3 ( 3.3; 40.7) | -0.6 (-1.2; 0.1) | 1.37 |
Chhetri | 34 | 34 | 2.9 (0.4; 18.3) | 23.5 (12.2; 40.6) | -0.9 (-1.3; -0.5) | 1.23 |
Dalit | 6 | 6 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 16.7 ( 2.3; 63.4) | -0.9 (-1.5; -0.4) | 0.77 |
Janajati | 82 | 82 | 1.2 (0.2; 8.2) | 9.8 ( 4.9; 18.4) | -0.8 (-1.0; -0.5) | 1.01 |
Newar | 167 | 167 | 1.8 (0.6; 5.5) | 13.8 ( 9.3; 19.9) | -0.7 (-0.9; -0.5) | 1.18 |
Birthweight Status |
LBW | 30 | 30 | 6.7 (1.7; 23.2) | 23.3 (11.5; 41.6) | -1.2 (-1.5; -0.8) | 1.01 |
NBW | 269 | 269 | 1.5 (0.6; 3.9) | 13.0 ( 9.5; 17.6) | -0.7 (-0.8; -0.5) | 1.15 |
Delivery Type |
Cesarean Section | 113 | 113 | 2.7 (0.9; 8.0) | 12.4 ( 7.5; 19.9) | -0.6 (-0.8; -0.4) | 1.08 |
Vaginal | 191 | 191 | 1.6 (0.5; 4.8) | 14.7 (10.3; 20.5) | -0.8 (-0.9; -0.6) | 1.18 |
Weight-for-Age
Group | Weighted N | Unweighted N | -3SD (95% CI) | -2SD (95% CI) | z-score mean (95% CI) | |
z-score SD |
All | 305 | 305 | 0.3 (0.0; 2.3) | 3.9 (2.2; 6.8) | -0.3 (-0.4; -0.2) | 1.08 |
Child's age group: |
06–11 mo | 129 | 129 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.9 (1.6; 9.0) | -0.3 (-0.5; -0.1) | 1.16 |
12–23 mo | 176 | 176 | 0.6 (0.1; 4.0) | 4.0 (1.9; 8.1) | -0.3 (-0.5; -0.2) | 1.01 |
Child's Sex: |
Female | 143 | 143 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.8 (1.0; 7.3) | -0.3 (-0.5; -0.1) | 1.05 |
Male | 162 | 162 | 0.6 (0.1; 4.3) | 4.9 (2.5; 9.6) | -0.3 (-0.5; -0.2) | 1.1 |
Maternal Education: |
No Education | 13 | 13 | 1.6 (0.2; 10.8) | 4.9 (1.6; 14.2) | -0.1 (-0.4; 0.2) | 1.17 |
Primary | 28 | 28 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.3 (-0.4; -0.1) | 0.81 |
Secondary | 102 | 102 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.1 (-0.5; 0.7) | 1.38 |
Higher Secondary | 81 | 81 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 7.7 (1.1; 39.3) | -0.8 (-1.3; -0.4) | 0.83 |
Bachelors | 60 | 60 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.6 (0.5; 21.6) | -0.4 (-0.8; 0.0) | 1.11 |
Masters | 19 | 19 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 6.8 (3.3; 13.6) | -0.5 (-0.7; -0.3) | 1.13 |
Father's Education: |
No Education | 59 | 59 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.4 (0.8; 12.7) | 0.0 (-0.3; 0.3) | 1.14 |
Primary | 78 | 78 | 1.3 (0.2; 8.6) | 2.6 (0.6; 9.7) | -0.3 (-0.6; -0.1) | 1.05 |
Secondary | 19 | 19 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.1 (-0.2; 0.5) | 0.74 |
Higher Secondary | 10 | 10 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (-1.1; 1.0) | 1.82 |
Bachelors | 33 | 33 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 9.1 (2.9; 24.8) | -0.5 (-0.8; -0.2) | 0.94 |
Masters | 102 | 102 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 4.9 (2.0; 11.3) | -0.5 (-0.7; -0.4) | 1 |
Child's Ethnicity: |
Brahmin | 15 | 15 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.4 (-0.7; 0.0) | 0.72 |
Chhetri | 34 | 34 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 5.9 (1.5; 20.8) | -0.4 (-0.8; -0.1) | 1.08 |
Dalit | 6 | 6 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.9 (-1.4; -0.3) | 0.75 |
Janajati | 82 | 82 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 4.9 (1.8; 12.3) | -0.4 (-0.6; -0.2) | 0.93 |
Newar | 168 | 168 | 0.6 (0.1; 4.1) | 3.6 (1.6; 7.8) | -0.2 (-0.4; 0.0) | 1.17 |
Birthweight Status |
LBW | 30 | 30 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 6.7 (1.7; 23.2) | -0.8 (-1.1; -0.5) | 0.8 |
NBW | 270 | 270 | 0.4 (0.1; 2.6) | 3.7 (2.0; 6.8) | -0.3 (-0.4; -0.1) | 1.09 |
Delivery Type |
Cesarean Section | 114 | 114 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.6 (0.8; 7.9) | -0.1 (-0.3; 0.0) | 0.96 |
Vaginal | 191 | 191 | 0.5 (0.1; 3.7) | 4.7 (2.5; 8.8) | -0.4 (-0.6; -0.3) | 1.13 |
Weight-for-Height
Group | Weighted N | Unweighted N | -3SD (95% CI) | -2SD (95% CI) | + 2SD (95% CI) | + 3SD (95% CI) | z-score mean (95% CI) | z-score SD |
All | 303 | 303 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.7 (0.7; 3.9) | 2.3 (1.1; 4.8) | 1.0 (0.3; 3.0) | 0.0 (-0.1; 0.2) | 1.05 |
Child's age group: |
06–11 mo | 128 | 128 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.6 (0.4; 6.1) | 3.1 (1.2; 8.1) | 2.3 (0.8; 7.1) | -0.1 (-0.3; 0.1) | 1.1 |
12–23 mo | 175 | 175 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.7 (0.6; 5.2) | 1.7 (0.6; 5.2) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.1 ( 0.0; 0.3) | 1 |
Child's Sex: |
Female | 142 | 142 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.4 (0.3; 5.5) | 2.8 (1.1; 7.3) | 1.4 (0.3; 5.5) | 0.0 (-0.1; 0.2) | 1.05 |
Male | 161 | 161 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.9 (0.6; 5.7) | 1.9 (0.6; 5.7) | 0.6 (0.1; 4.3) | 0.0 (-0.1; 0.2) | 1.05 |
Maternal Education: |
No Education | 13 | 13 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.7 (0.2; 11.0) | 1.7 (0.2; 11.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.3 ( 0.0; 0.5) | 1.12 |
Primary | 28 | 28 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.2 (0.2; 8.3) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.2; 0.2) | 0.91 |
Secondary | 102 | 102 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 5.3 (0.7; 29.6) | 5.3 (0.7; 29.6) | 0.4 (-0.1; 0.9) | 1.18 |
Higher Secondary | 81 | 81 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.4 (-0.9; 0.1) | 0.93 |
Bachelors | 60 | 60 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.6 (0.5; 21.6) | 3.6 (0.5; 21.6) | 3.6 (0.5; 21.6) | 0.0 (-0.4; 0.4) | 1.15 |
Masters | 19 | 19 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.0 (0.5; 7.6) | 3.9 (1.5; 10.0) | 1.0 (0.1; 6.7) | -0.1 (-0.3; 0.1) | 1.05 |
Father's Education: | | |
No Education | 58 | 58 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.7 (0.2; 11.4) | 1.7 (0.2; 11.4) | 1.7 (0.2; 11.4) | 0.4 ( 0.1; 0.7) | 1.14 |
Primary | 78 | 78 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.8 (1.2; 11.3) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.2 (-0.1; 0.4) | 1.02 |
Secondary | 19 | 19 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.3 ( 0.0; 0.7) | 0.78 |
Higher Secondary | 9 | 9 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 11.1 (1.5; 50.3) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.4 (-1.0; 0.3) | 1.09 |
Bachelors | 33 | 33 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.0 (0.4; 18.8) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.1 (-0.5; 0.2) | 0.96 |
Masters | 102 | 102 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.9 (0.9; 8.8) | 2.0 (0.5; 7.6) | 2.0 (0.5; 7.6) | -0.2 (-0.4; 0.0) | 1.04 |
Child's Ethnicity: |
Brahmin | 15 | 15 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.1 (-0.4; 0.3) | 0.79 |
Chhetri | 34 | 34 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.9 (0.4; 18.3) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.1 (-0.3; 0.4) | 1.09 |
Dalit | 6 | 6 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.6 (-1.3; 0.1) | 0.91 |
Janajati | 82 | 82 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.4 (0.6; 9.3) | 1.2 (0.2; 8.2) | -0.1 (-0.3; 0.1) | 0.99 |
Newar | 166 | 166 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.0 (1.3; 7.1) | 2.4 (0.9; 6.3) | 1.2 (0.3; 4.7) | 0.1 ( 0.0; 0.3) | 1.09 |
Birthweight Status | | |
LBW | 30 | 30 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | -0.3 (-0.6; 0.1) | 0.89 |
NBW | 268 | 268 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 1.9 (0.8; 4.4) | 2.6 (1.2; 5.4) | 1.1 (0.4; 3.4) | 0.1 (-0.1; 0.2) | 1.06 |
Delivery Type | | |
Cesarean Section | 113 | 113 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 0.9 (0.1; 6.1) | 2.7 (0.9; 8.0) | 0.9 (0.1; 6.1) | 0.2 ( 0.1; 0.4) | 0.95 |
Vaginal | 190 | 190 | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 2.1 (0.8; 5.5) | 2.1 (0.8; 5.5) | 1.1 (0.3; 4.1) | -0.1 (-0.2; 0.1) | 1.09 |