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Energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study in Iran
Azita Hekmatdoost
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-0052
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults. For this purpose, a total of 143 cases with a newly confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD and 471 controls free of the disease were studied. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The percentage of calories from total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks was 6.08% and 5.04%, in patients and controls, respectively (p=0.036). Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile of total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake, the risk of NAFLD for those in the top quartile of consumption increased by about two times, in both crude (OR:1.94; 95% CIs: 1.16-3.26; P for trend=0.015) and adjusted (OR:2.27; 95%CIs: 1.19-4.31; P for trend=0.001) models. The relative odds of NAFLD increased significantly in the fourth quartile of dietary cake and biscuit (OR: 1.21, P for trend=0.037) and soft drinks (OR: 1.64, P for trend=0.005) intake compared with the lowest corresponding quartiles, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, energy intake. Our results indicate that there might be a moderate positive association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and risk of NAFLD.
Keywords
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, energy-dense snack, nutrient-poor snack
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 4
Posted 13 Apr, 2020
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On 07 Apr, 2020
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Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 01 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 31 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 30 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 30 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 26 Mar, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 25 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Mar, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 25 Feb, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 17 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Feb, 2020
First submitted
On 15 Feb, 2020
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Research Notes. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research note
Energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study in Iran
Azita Hekmatdoost
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-0052
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 4
Posted 13 Apr, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 07 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 01 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 31 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 30 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 30 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 26 Mar, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 25 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 23 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Mar, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 25 Feb, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 17 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Feb, 2020
First submitted
On 15 Feb, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults. For this purpose, a total of 143 cases with a newly confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD and 471 controls free of the disease were studied. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The percentage of calories from total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks was 6.08% and 5.04%, in patients and controls, respectively (p=0.036). Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile of total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake, the risk of NAFLD for those in the top quartile of consumption increased by about two times, in both crude (OR:1.94; 95% CIs: 1.16-3.26; P for trend=0.015) and adjusted (OR:2.27; 95%CIs: 1.19-4.31; P for trend=0.001) models. The relative odds of NAFLD increased significantly in the fourth quartile of dietary cake and biscuit (OR: 1.21, P for trend=0.037) and soft drinks (OR: 1.64, P for trend=0.005) intake compared with the lowest corresponding quartiles, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, energy intake. Our results indicate that there might be a moderate positive association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and risk of NAFLD.