Authors and year of publication
|
Location
|
Ages
|
No. of subjects
|
Control group
|
Weight
|
Height
|
Body mass index
|
Other assessments
|
VanderJagt et al., 1997[37]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
10 months-14 years (mean 7 years for males; mean 6 years for females)
|
13
|
17 age- and gender-matched controls
|
Significantly lower weight in males with SCD
|
No significant differences in height reported
|
No statistical difference in BMI as both weight and height were lower for SCD patients
|
· Significantly lower head circumference in males with SCD versus controls
· No differences in MUAC or triceps skin fold
· No differences reported for females
|
Soliman et al., 1999[28]
|
Alexandria, Egypt
|
Mean 7 years
|
110
|
200 healthy age-matched children, 30 children with constitutional growth delay, 25 children with growth hormone deficiency
|
N/A
|
· Height and growth velocity significantly lower in SCD patients than healthy controls
· Bone age delay in SCD patients by 2.4 years
|
· BMI not significantly different between SCD patients and healthy controls
|
· Lower MUAC and triceps skin fold thickness in SCD patients versus healthy controls
· Significant age delays in puberty in SCD patients
|
Aderibigbe et al., 1999[33]
|
Ilorin, Nigeria
|
18-54 years (mean 22 years)
|
64
|
60 adults aged 18-57
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly shorter height in individuals with SCD
|
N/A
|
|
VanderJagt et al., 2000[42]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
3-20 years
|
48
|
51 healthy controls
|
Significantly lower weight in males with SCD aged 10-18 years; no differences for females
|
No differences
|
Significantly lower BMI for males with SCD aged 10-18; no differences for females
|
· Significantly lower fat free mass in males with SCD aged 10-18
· Significantly higher body fat and % body fat in individuals with SCD aged >10 years
|
Vandegt et al., 2002[49]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
Mean 13 years for males and females
|
72
|
68 age- and gender-matched controls
|
Significantly lower weight in females and males with SCD
|
Significantly lower height in females and males with SCD
|
Significantly lower BMI in females and males with SCD
|
|
VanderJagt et al., 2002[36]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
8-22 years (mean 14 years for males; mean 13 years for females)
|
80
|
41 male and 38 female age-matched controls; 51 male and 71 female additional controls for ultrasound component
|
Significantly lower weight in females and males with SCD
|
Significantly lower height in females and males with SCD
|
Significantly lower BMI in males and females with SCD
|
· Significantly lower bone density in individuals with SCD by ultrasound measurement
· Some differences in serum markers of bone resorption and formation
· No differences in triceps skin fold
· Significantly lower MUAC, FFM, and % FFM in males and females with SCD; males with SCD also had significantly lower body fat
|
Oredugba et al., 2002[39]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
1-18 years (mean 10 years)
|
117
|
122 children and adolescents aged 1-18 years from well-baby clinics and surgical outpatient unit
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD aged 18 years
|
No differences
|
N/A
|
· Significantly lower MUAC in individuals with SCD
· No differences in mean head circumference
|
Glew et al., 2003[35]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
10-18 years (mean 14 years for males; mean 13 years for females)
|
77
|
75 age- and gender-matched controls
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower height in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower BMI in males with SCD; no differences for females
|
|
VanderJagt et al., 2007[96]
|
Jos, Nigeria
|
7-35 years (mean 15 years for males; mean 17 years for females)
|
102
|
104
healthy age and gender matched controls
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD
|
· Significantly lower mean sitting height in individuals with SCD
· Significantly lower standing height in males with SCD (not significantly different for females)
|
Significantly lower BMI in females with SCD; no differences for males
|
· Significantly lower FFM in individuals with SCD; no differences in FFM% and fat %
· Significantly lower phase angle (measure of overall nutritional status) in individuals with SCD
· Significantly lower MUAC and triceps skin fold in females with SCD (not for males)
|
Aina et al., 2010[51]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
10-19 years (mean 14 years)
|
136
|
136 age- and gender-matched controls
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Delayed puberty in males and females with SCD
|
Cox et al., 2011[27]
|
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
|
6 months-48 years (mean 10 years)
|
1041
|
717 HbAA siblings, clinic walk-ins, and referrals
|
SCD status was significantly associated with underweight; adult males were more likely to be underweight than females
|
SCD was significantly associated with stunting; adult males were more likely to be stunted than females
|
SCD was significantly associated with wasting; adult males were more likely to have wasting than females
|
|
Osei-Yeboah, 2011[25]
|
Ghana
|
1-12 years (mean 7 years)
|
357; phenotype included SS, SC, SD, S Beta thal
|
70 HbAA siblings
|
· Significantly lower weight-for-age in individuals with SCD
· Prevalence of malnutrition higher in individuals with SCD (61%) versus controls (29%)
· No significant differences in rates of wasting (weight-for-height)
|
Prevalence of stunting higher in individuals with SCD (35%) versus controls (3%)
|
N/A
|
|
Iwalokun et al., 2011[43]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
5-35 years
|
55 (31 steady-state and 24 unstable/ crisis)
|
22 “non-SCD” individuals
|
Significantly lower weight for males >16 years; not different in other age groups
|
N/A
|
Significantly lower BMI in females with SCD (all age groups) and males with SCD (>16 years)
|
· Significantly lower fat mass in males with SCD (>16 years); not significantly different for other age groups
· Significantly lower leptin levels in males with SCD (≤16 years) and all female age groups
|
Animasahun et al., 2011[45]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
1-10 years (mean 6 years)
|
100
|
100 individuals with phenotype HbAA matched by age, socio-economic class, and gender
|
Significantly lower mean weight and weight-for-height in individuals with SCD
|
Mean height showed no difference between SCD patients and controls
|
No difference in mean BMI
|
|
Akodu et al., 2012[52]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
2-15 years (mean 8 years)
|
80
|
80 individuals with phenotype HbAA
|
No statistical difference reported
|
N/A
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD
|
|
Tebbani et al., 2014[30]
|
Annaba city, Algeria
|
6-12 years
|
30
|
WHO standard references
|
Lower weight in individuals with SCD compared with WHO standards
|
Height was below WHO standard references for SCD patients
|
N/A
|
|
Akingbola et al., 2014[97]
|
Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria and Chicago, USA
|
11-30 years
|
214
|
209 individuals with SCD aged 11-30 years living in USA (compares characteristics of individuals with SCD in Nigeria to those in US)
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD in Nigeria vs US in patients ≥18 years old
|
Significantly lower height in individuals with SCD in Nigeria vs US in patients ≥18 years old
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD in Nigeria vs US in patients ≥18 years old
|
|
Akodu et al., 2014[41]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
8 months-15 years (mean 6 years)
|
100
|
100 HbAA age- and sex-matched controls
|
N/A
|
Significantly lower sitting height in individuals with SCD aged >10 years; height not significantly different
|
N/A
|
Significantly shorter arm span in individuals with SCD aged >10 years
|
Tsang et al., 2014[38]
|
Nyanza Province, Western Kenya
|
6-35 months
|
14
|
288 children from random sample of 882; Underweight, stunting and wasting were defined using WHO 2006 standards
|
No significant association of HbSS with underweight
|
No significant association of HbSS with stunting
|
No significant association of HbSS with wasting
|
|
Eke et al., 2015[44]
|
Enugu, Nigeria
|
6-18 years (mean 11 years)
|
132
|
132 age- and gender-matched HbAA children and adolescents from nearby schools
|
Significantly lower weight in females with SCD aged 10-18 years; no differences in males
|
No differences
|
Significantly lower BMI in females with SCD aged 10-18 years; no differences in males
|
· No differences in body fat % or visceral fat %
· Significantly lower skeletal muscle % in males with SCD aged 6-9 years
|
Eke et al., 2015[46]
|
Enugu, Nigeria
|
1-5 years (mean 3 years)
|
58
|
58 age- and gender-matched HbAA individuals
|
· Significantly lower weight-for-age in individuals with SCD
· Significantly lower rate of obesity in individuals with SCD (3.4% vs 22.4%)
|
No difference in height-for-age
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD
|
· Significantly lower weight-for-height in individuals with SCD
|
Ranque et al., 2016[31]
|
Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Mali, Senegal
|
10-24 years (median 16 years)
|
3,627
|
943 controls aged 14-33 years; controls were significantly older (median age 24 years versus 16 years for SCD patients) and more likely to be female (60% vs 54%)
|
N/A
|
Significantly lower height in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD
|
|
Odetunde et al., 2016[47]
|
Enugu State, Nigeria
|
6-20 years (mean 12 years)
|
40
|
40 age-, gender-, socioeconomic status-matched HbAA individuals from area schools
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD
|
No differences in height
|
48% with SCD were underweight (BMI < 5th percentile); 13% of controls were underweight
|
|
Esezobor et al., 2016[34]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
2-17 years (mean 9 years)
|
233
|
Compared with WHO 2007 standards
|
23% of individuals with SCD had wasting (low weight-for-height) or severe wasting
|
12% of SCD patients were stunted or severely stunted; 75.5% were normal height
|
2% of individuals with SCD were overweight or obese
|
|
Senbanjo et al. 2016[40]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
Children up to age 15 years (mean 7 years)
|
118 (114 HbSS and 4 HbSC phenotype)
|
118 age-, gender-, and socioeconomic class-matched; stunting/malnutrition based on WHO 1995 standards
|
Significantly higher rate of “thinning” in individuals with SCD aged 11-15 years
|
Significantly higher rate of stunting in individuals with SCD aged 11-15 years
|
N/A
|
No overall difference in mean head circumference
|
Oluwole et al., 2016[98]
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
6-16 years (mean 9 years)
|
56
|
44 individuals without SCD
|
Significantly lower weight-for-age in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower height in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD
|
|
Adegoke et al., 2017[68]
|
Ilesa, Nigeria
|
4-11 years
|
95
|
109 Brazilian children with SCD aged 4-11 years; 36 were hydroxyurea (HU)-naive to match Nigerian patients (study compares SCD populations in Nigeria and Brazil)
|
30% of SCD patients in Nigeria had low weight-for-height; 4.3% were overweight or obese
|
13% of SCD patients in Nigeria were of short stature; 8.4 % were tall for age; significantly lower mean height-for-age among Nigerian patients compared with Brazilian HU-naive patients
|
Significantly lower BMI in Nigerian individuals with SCD
|
Significantly lower triceps skin fold,
upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, and fat % among Nigerian patients compared with the Brazilian HU-naive patients
|
Mikobi et al., 2017[22]
|
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
|
Mean 25 years
|
140
|
Study compared groups of SCD patients stratified by disease severity
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Significantly lower BMI in patients with greater disease severity
|
|
Kazadi et al., 2017[23]
|
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
|
Under 12 years
|
159
|
296 age-, gender-, and neighborhood-matched individuals with HbAA; comparisons focused on children under age 12 years; underweight, stunting and wasting were defined using WHO 2006 standards
|
Significantly lower weight in individuals with SCD (39.6% of individuals with SCD versus 12.2% of controls)
|
Significantly more stunting in individuals with SCD (34.6% in individuals with SCD versus 9.8% of controls)
|
N/A
|
Factors significantly associated (P<0.01) with poor growth included frequency of crises, age <1 yr. at first transfusion, and hand-foot syndrome
|
Sokunbi et al., 2017[50]
|
Nigeria
|
5-18 years (mean 9 years)
|
175
|
175 age-matched HbAA individuals
|
No statistical difference reported
|
Significantly lower height in individuals with SCD
|
No statistical difference reported
|
|
Onukwuli et al., 2018[48]
|
Enugu, Nigeria
|
6-18 years (females only)
|
81 (females only)
|
81 age- and socioeconomic class-matched HbAA individuals recruited from outpatient clinic
|
Significantly lower mean weight in individuals with SCD
|
No differences in mean height
|
Significantly lower BMI in individuals with SCD
|
|
Osei et al., 2019[26]
|
Kumasi, Ghana
|
3-12 years
|
100 ; phenotypes included SS, Sβ0, SC, Sβ+
|
Compared with WHO growth standards
|
37% of individuals with were underweight
|
22% of individuals with SCD were stunted
|
|
|
Sap Ngo Um et al., 2019[29]
|
Yaoundé, Cameroon
|
2-5 years
|
77
|
Compared with WHO growth standards
|
4% of subjects were underweight and 5% of subjects were wasted
|
4% of subjects were stunted
|
|
Trend towards higher rates of underweight, wasting, and stunting with increasing age
|
Alexandre-Heymann et al., 2019[32]
|
Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Mali, Senegal
|
5-21 years
|
2583; phenotypes included SS, Sβ0, SC, Sβ+
|
287 HbAA or HbAS individuals
|
See “other assessments”
|
See “other assessments”
|
See “other assessments”
|
· The primary outcome of “growth failure” was defined as a height and/or weight and/or BMI below the 5th percentile on WHO 2007 growth charts.
· Signifcantly higher rates of growth failure found in individuals with SS and Sβ0 phenotypes
· Growth failure not found to be correlated with history of SCD-related medical complications
· Differences in growth failure rates most pronounced in males aged 15-17 years
|
Arigliani et al., 2019[99]
|
Kaduna, Nigeria
|
6-18 years
|
154
|
364 age-matched controls
|
Significantly increased rate of wasting in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly increased rate of stunting in individuals with SCD
|
|
|
Arigliani et al., 2019[24]
|
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
|
6-18 years
|
112
|
377 schoolchildren controls
|
Significantly increased rate of wasting in individuals with SCD
|
Significantly increased rate of stunting in individuals with SCD
|
|
|
Ukoha et al., 2020[100]
|
Enugu, Nigeria
|
1-18 years
|
175
|
175 age-, gender-, and socioeconomic status-matched HbAA individuals
|
Significantly lower Z-score for weight-for-age in individuals with SCD, and significantly higher rate of wasting in individuals with SCD (using WHO growth references)
|
Significantly lower Z-score for height-for-age in individuals with SCD, and significantly higher rate of stunting in individuals with SCD (using WHO growth references)
|
Significantly lower Z-score for BMI-for-age in individuals with SCD
|
|