1. Yadav DK, Gupta N, Shrestha N. An assessment of nutritional status of children less than 3 years in rural areas of Mahottari district of Nepal. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences. 2014; 3(3):597–603.
2.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank group joint malnutrition estimate. Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition. Key findings of the 2018 edition.
3. Martorell R. Improved nutrition in the first 1000 days and adult human capital and health. Am J Hum Biol. 2017 Mar; 29(2): 10.
4. WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/ height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva, World Health Organization.
5 Central statistical agency/CSA/Ethiopia and ICF.2016.Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. AddisAbaba, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF.
6. Wondimagegn ZT. Magnitude and Determinants of Stunting Among Children in Africa: A Systematic Review. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science. 2014; 2(2):88-93.
7. Woldehanna T, Jere RB, Araya MW. The effect of early childhood stunting on children’s cognitive achievements: Evidence from young lives Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2017; 31( 2):75-84.
8. Kathryn GD, Khadija B. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Matern Child Nutr 2011;7: 5-18.
9. de Onis M, Onyango A, Borghi E, Siyam A, Blössner M, Lutter C, et al. Worldwide implementation of the WHO child growth standards. SN Public Health Nutrition.2012; 15: 1603-1610.
10. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Onis M, Ezzati M et al. Maternal and child under nutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008; 371: 243-260.
11.Sally GM, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L. Child development in developing countries: Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet.
2007;369: 60-70.
12. Prendergast AJ, Humphrey JH. The stunting syndrome in developing countries Paediatrics and International Child Health. 2014; 34(4):250-265.
13. Abeway S, Gebremichael B, Murugan R, Assefa M, Adinew YM. Stunting and its determinants among children aged 6–59 months in northern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. .Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Volume 2018, Article ID 1078480, 8 page.
14. Birhanu A, Mekonen S, Atenafu A and Abebaw D. Stunting and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Lasta Woreda, North East Ethiopia, 2015: A community based cross-sectional study design. J Fam Med. 2017; 4(3): 1112.
15.Geberselassie SB, Abebe SM, Melsew YA, Mutuku SM, Wassie MM. Prevalence of stunting and its associated factors among children 6-59 months of age in Libo-Kemekem district, Northwest Ethiopia; A community based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE.2018; 13(5): e0195361.
16. Dewana Z, Fikadu T, Facha W, Mekonnen N. Prevalence and predictors of stunting among children of age between 24 to 59 months in Butajira Town and surrounding district, Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Health Sci J. 2017; 11(4): 518.
17. Vilcins D, Sly PD, Jagals P. Environmental risk factors associated with child stunting: A systematic review of the literature. Annals of Global Health. 2018; 84(4):551–562.
18.Haile D, Azage M, Mola T, Rainey R. Exploring spatial variations and factors associated with childhood stunting in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatrics. 2016; 16:49.
19. Tigga P, Sen J. Maternal body mass index is strongly associated with children 𝑍-scores for height and BMI., Journal of Anthropology. Volume 2016, Article ID 6538235, 10 pages.
20. Hernández-Díaz S, Peterson KE, Dixit S, Hernández B, Parra S, Barquera S, et al. Association of maternal short stature with stunting among Mexican children: Common genes vs common environment. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999; 53(12):938-45.
21. Myatt M, Khara T, Schoenbuchner S, Pietzsch S, Dolan C, Lelijveld N, et al. Children who are both wasted and stunted are also underweight and have a high risk of death: A descriptive epidemiology of multiple anthropometric deficits using data from 51 countries. Arch Public Health. 2018; 16;76: 28.
22. Richard SA, Black RE, Gilman RH, Guerrant RL, Kang G, Lanata CF. Wasting is associated with stunting in early childhood. J Nutr. 2012; 142: 1291–1296.
23. Uwiringiyimana V, Ock MC, Amer S, Veldkamp A. Predictors of stunting with particular focus on complementary feeding practices: A cross-sectional study in the northern province of Rwanda Nutrition. 2018; 21: 334-342.
24.Demirchyan AA, Petrosyan V, Sargsyan V, Hekimian Z. Predictors of stunting among children ages 0 to 59 months in a rural region of Armenia. JPGN 2016; 62: 150–156.
25. Willey BA, Cameron N, Norris SA, Pettifor JM, Griffiths PL. Socio-economic predictors of stunting in preschool children – a population-based study from Johannesburg and Soweto. S Afr Med J 2009; 99: 450-456.
26. Hambidge KM, Mazariegos M, Kindem M, Wright LL, Cristobal-Perez C, Juárez-García L, et al. Infant stunting is associated with short maternal stature. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012; 54(1): 117–119.
27. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Ethiopia. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland: CSA and ORC Macro; 2012.
28. Ayana G, Hailu AA, Tessema M, Belay A, Zerfu D, Bekele TH et al. Ethiopian National Nutrition Program End-Line Survey. 2015 Technical Teport.
29. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. SEQOTA Declaration. Implementation plan (2016-2030). March 2016.
30. World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: Part I. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2008
31. Wells JCK, Devakumar D, Manandhar DS, Chaube NSS, Costello A, Osrin D. Associations of stunting at 2 years with body composition and blood pressure at 8 years of age: Longitudinal cohort analysis from lowland Nepal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019; 73:302–310.
32. Perumal N, Bassani DG, Roth DE. Use and misuse of stunting as a measure of child health. J Nutr. 2018; 148:311–315.
33. Wu BN, O'Sullivan AJ. Sex differences in energy metabolism need to be considered with lifestyle modifications in humans. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism Volume 2011, Article ID 391809, 6pages.
34. UN General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 21 October 2015. Available at:
https://www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html [accessed 9 February 2019].
35. Campisi SC, Cherian AM, Bhutta ZA. World perspective on the epidemiology of stunting between 1990 and 2015. Horm Res Paediatr. 2017;88(1):70-78.