All 12 subjects tolerated the study with no adverse events reported. The fasting blood glucose of the 12 subjects was within the normal range, and reached the peak height 30 minutes after taking the test products (Table 2, Fig. 1). The peak blood glucose in powder B was the highest.
Table 2
time | Powder A | Powder B | Powder C | Glucose powder |
0 min | 4.68 ± 0.42 | 4.46 ± 0.32 | 4.21 ± 0.35 | 4.54 ± 0.26 |
15 min | 5.40 ± 0.57 | 5.48 ± 0.6 | 4.80 ± 0.45 | 6.33 ± 0.75 |
30 min | 5.77 ± 0.77 | 6.07 ± 0.91 | 5.14 ± 0.52 | 7.26 ± 1.07 |
45 min | 5.40 ± 0.73 | 5.22 ± 0.91 | 4.44 ± 0.73 | 6.36 ± 1.26 |
60 min | 5.06 ± 0.82 | 4.41 ± 0.95 | 3.99 ± 0.65 | 5.81 ± 1.12 |
90 min | 4.47 ± 0.69 | 4.47 ± 0.7 | 4.02 ± 0.51 | 4.6 ± 1.10 |
120 min | 4.48 ± 0.53 | 4.42 ± 0.64 | 4.18 ± 0.43 | 3.76 ± 0.93 |
180 min | 4.35 ± 0.32*# | 4.53 ± 0.44 | 4.19 ± 0.38 | 3.75 ± 0.62 |
240 min | 4.75 ± 0.34* | 4.75 ± 0.46 | 4.62 ± 0.38 | 4.23 ± 0.46 |
*p < 0.05,compared with powder C;#p < 0.05༌compared with powder B༛ |
At 180 and 240 min, glucose levels were significantly higher for powder A, compared with the powder C (Table 2). At 180 min, glucose levels were significantly lower for powder A, comparing with powder B (Table 2). The iAUC0 − 120min and iAUC0 − 180min of glucose were significantly lower after consumption of powder A and powder C, comparing with the glucose powder (Table 3).
Table 3
Incremental area under the glucose curve
time | Powder A | Powder B | Powder C | Glucose powder |
2 h | 59.72 ± 38.73* | 74.08 ± 64.19 | 39.61 ± 30.38* | 136.63 ± 81.43 |
3 h | 63.44 ± 45.69* | 88.61 ± 75.03 | 50.79 ± 43.3* | 140.05 ± 84.67 |
4 h | 69.12 ± 43.58 | 105.58 ± 79.24 | 68.14 ± 50.22 | 141.4 ± 86.37 |
*p < 0.05,compared with glucose powder |
There was no significant difference between the iAUC0 − 120min, iAUC0 − 180min, iAUC0 − 240min of glucose after powder B and glucose powder.
The fasting serum insulin of the 12 subjects was within the normal range, reaching peak height 30 minutes after taking the test powder (Table 4, Fig. 2). The peak value of serum insulin in powder B was the highest.
Table 4
time | Powder A | Powder B | Powder C | Glucose powder |
0 min | 7.99 ± 4.07 | 9.2 ± 5.49 | 9.17 ± 3.62 | 6.25 ± 2.13 |
15 min | 37 ± 31.83 | 53.69 ± 29.52* | 36.4 ± 21.55 | 37.86 ± 20.46 |
30 min | 67.04 ± 36.52 | 111.71 ± 51.95* | 63.52 ± 23.74 | 49.41 ± 26.89 |
45 min | 65.43 ± 40.46 | 76.15 ± 35.68 | 55.76 ± 22.20 | 45.99 ± 20.97 |
60 min | 55.9 ± 50.35 | 57.1 ± 19.3 | 46.20 ± 18.64 | 37.79 ± 17.99 |
90 min | 50.38 ± 62.22 | 52.78 ± 30.64* | 34.52 ± 13.44 | 30.65 ± 16.13 |
120 min | 48.75 ± 49.05 | 39.1 ± 18.26 | 38.26 ± 13.63 | 17.25 ± 15 |
180 min | 18.54 ± 14.28 | 15.85 ± 9.78 | 16.50 ± 8.83 | 5.08 ± 2.48 |
240 min | 8.41 ± 6.81 | 8.6 ± 7.99 | 6.62 ± 4.18 | 4.27 ± 1.75 |
*p < 0.05,compared with powder C; |
There was no significant difference between serum insulin at any time point in powder A and powder C. At 15, 30 and 90 min, insulin levels were significantly higher for powder B, comparing with the powder C (Table 4).
The iAUC0 − 120min of insulin was significantly higher for powder B, comparing with the powder C (Table 5). There was no significant difference between the iAUC0 − 120min, iAUC0 − 180min, iAUC0 − 240min of glucose after consumption of powder A and glucose powder.
Table 5
Incremental area under the insulin curve
time | Powder A | Powder B | Powder C | Glucose powder |
2 h | 5426.20 ± 4315.32 | 6052.03 ± 2764.33* | 3961.56 ± 1364.65 | 3331.51 ± 1329.48 |
3 h | 6649.00 ± 5665.06 | 7166.80 ± 3282.77 | 5084.23 ± 1762.47 | 3677.24 ± 1481.45 |
4 h | 6649.00 ± 5665.06 | 7402.95 ± 3356.77 | 5365.23 ± 1952.13 | 3693.04 ± 1502.16 |
* p < 0.05,compared with powder C; |
The ratio under the iAUC of insulin and glucose often indicates sensitivity of the body to insulin. The results are shown in Table 6. The ratio of insulin / glucose at each time point after the intake of the three powders was higher than that of glucose powder, and the ratio of powder B from 30 min to 180 min was significantly higher, comparing with that of glucose powder. The ratio of powder C from 30 min to 240 min was significantly higher than that of glucose powder.
Table 6
Area ratio under response curve of insulin and glucose of nutritional supplements
time | Powder A | Powder B | Powder C | Glucose powder |
15 min | 32.68 ± 20.17 | 83.02 ± 140.69 | 45.89 ± 28.14 | 18.18 ± 9.5 |
30 min | 45.45 ± 18.67 | 72.18 ± 67.02* | 56.79 ± 25.14* | 16.72 ± 7.98 |
45 min | 54.17 ± 25.74 | 85.11 ± 80.79* | 73.69 ± 42.37* | 17.66 ± 8.57 |
60 min | 60.60 ± 30.77 | 98.54 ± 93.16* | 93.45 ± 58.91* | 19.8 ± 10.04 |
90 min | 73.35 ± 31.50 | 123.87 ± 116.59* | 123.97 ± 85.68* | 24.30 ± 11.63 |
120 min | 89.81 ± 35.28 | 142.00 ± 141.80* | 152.89 ± 125.85* | 28.16 ± 12.79 |
180 min | 104.09 ± 40.37 | 148.04 ± 165.91* | 188.93 ± 189.23* | 30.49 ± 14.62 |
240 min | 95.15 ± 45.99 | 137.01 ± 171.47 | 153.88 ± 206.68* | 30.39 ± 14.64 |
*p < 0.05,compared with powder C;༛ |