Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of study participant
|
Normal weight (71)
|
Overweight or obese (86)
|
P-Value
|
Mean±SD
|
Median
|
Mode
|
Range
|
Mean±SD
|
Median
|
Mode
|
Range
|
Sex (M/F)
|
80.3% / 19.7%
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
81.6% / 18.4%
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.731
|
Age (year)
|
38.90±10.976
|
39
|
30
|
18-40
|
38.60±9.394
|
38
|
28
|
19-47
|
0.854
|
Anthropometric characteristics
|
Weight (Kg)
|
73.45±10.66
|
74.1
|
69.0
|
47-85
|
90.05±13.22
|
88.4
|
86.5
|
65-110
|
0.0001
|
Height (Cm)
|
172.54±7.58
|
171
|
174.5
|
157-188
|
172.20±8.33
|
169.5
|
173
|
156-182
|
0.789
|
BMI (Kg/m2)
|
24.57±2.32
|
23.2
|
22.8
|
19.2-25
|
30.28±3.16
|
31.3
|
30.08
|
25.4-36.6
|
0.0001
|
WHR(Cm)
|
0.90±0.04
|
0.87
|
0.89
|
0.83-0.92
|
0.95±0.06
|
0.99
|
0.98
|
0.92-1.03
|
0.0001
|
Skeletal Muscle Mass (Kg)
|
33.07±3.12
|
34.01
|
32.78
|
28.23-37.41
|
30.93±4.86
|
29.32
|
31.17
|
24.02-39.81
|
0.0001
|
Fat Mass(Kg)
|
26.74±5.06
|
26.12
|
27.31
|
20.23-33.18
|
37.54±4.94
|
35.33
|
36.46
|
32.23-42.93
|
0.0001
|
Bone Mass (Kg)
|
4.03±0.79
|
4.13
|
4.27
|
3.03-4.97
|
4.22±0.66
|
4.32
|
4.37
|
3.43-5.07
|
0.821
|
Total Body Water
|
42.79±8.17
|
43.90
|
41.03
|
31.23-53.45
|
40.51±7.97
|
41.88
|
40.71
|
30.36-50.14
|
0.119
|
Biochemical parameters
|
TG (mg/dl)
|
152.52±85.38
|
144
|
139
|
66-237
|
164.99±84.67
|
159
|
151
|
82-263
|
0.362
|
TC (mg/dl)
|
172.17±35.30
|
169
|
166
|
130-208
|
175.06±29.90
|
177
|
179
|
143-207
|
0.580
|
LDL (mg/dl)
|
98.44±29.71
|
96
|
99
|
65-128
|
100.22±25.75
|
101
|
102
|
73-132
|
0.687
|
HDL (mg/dl)
|
44.51±8.41
|
46
|
45
|
35-54
|
42.40±9.67
|
42
|
39
|
30-50
|
0.151
|
AIP
|
0.170±0.07
|
0.161
|
0.166
|
0.16-0.18
|
0.214±0.111
|
0.221
|
0.232
|
0.115-0.326
|
0.014
|
Blood pressure, mean±SD
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
121.17±13.03
|
125
|
115
|
105-135
|
131.02±15.18
|
140
|
135
|
115-150
|
0.0001
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
76.90±11.13
|
75
|
80
|
65-90
|
84.21±11.43
|
90
|
85
|
75-10
|
0.0001
|
Pulse (bpm)
|
84.55±13.20
|
83
|
82
|
70-99
|
86.63±13.19
|
85
|
83
|
73-102
|
0.327
|
Comparison between in two groups of normal and overweight or obese; means are compared using Mann–Whitney U test. Percentages are compared using Chi-square. p<0.05 was considered to be significant
Table 2. Comparison of fat quality intake in two groups of normal and overweight or obese
Variable
|
Normal weight (n=71)
|
Overweight or obese (n=86)
|
|
P-Value
|
Mean±SD
|
Median
|
Mode
|
Range
|
Mean±SD
|
Median
|
Mode
|
Range
|
|
AI
|
228.19±28.32
|
226.3
|
203.04
|
197.02-260.21
|
461.48±52.81
|
456.93
|
469.12
|
408.08-519.01
|
|
0.012
|
TI
|
471.15±46.14
|
474.64
|
456.09
|
436.78-522.66
|
484.45±50.63
|
474.64
|
465.96
|
431.96-537.84
|
|
0.841
|
hH
|
71.85±3.78
|
69.21
|
70.43
|
66.86-75.64
|
49.94±4.13
|
50.69
|
49.97
|
43.35-55.14
|
|
0.034
|
CSI
|
30.40±0.45
|
30.03
|
30.64
|
29.88-31.22
|
31.00±0.93
|
31.10
|
30.94
|
30.07-32.33
|
|
0.824
|
Total fat
|
90.30±35.51
|
89.11
|
74.07
|
55.09-126.98
|
95.52±42.73
|
96.78
|
97.01
|
52.49-137.24
|
|
0.412
|
∑SFA
|
19.55±8.01
|
20.03
|
18.93
|
11.04-27.68
|
22.01±10.40
|
21.54
|
21.82
|
11.76-32.47
|
|
0.066
|
Loric acid (c12:0)
|
0.40±0.27
|
0.39
|
0.43
|
0.12-0.68
|
0.41±0.27
|
0.40
|
0.45
|
0.13-0.71
|
|
0.715
|
Myristic acid (14:0)
|
1.43±0.87
|
1.32
|
1.50
|
0.57-2.30
|
1.56±0.88
|
1.62
|
2.02
|
0.67-2.48
|
|
0.325
|
Palmitic acid (16:0)
|
8.43±3.64
|
8.41
|
9.93
|
4.80-12.02
|
9.34±4.67
|
9.35
|
8.28
|
4.72-14.01
|
|
0.875
|
Stearic acid (18:0)
|
4.00±1.78
|
4.14
|
3.94
|
2.21-5.78
|
4.42±2.41
|
4.52
|
4.78
|
2.01-6.71
|
|
0.062
|
∑MUFA
|
23.99±11.38
|
24.41
|
22.86
|
12.04-35.18
|
21.97±8.61
|
22.11
|
22.29
|
13.34-30.57
|
|
0.207
|
Oleic acid (18:1)
|
15.55±8.43
|
15.98
|
14.07
|
7.33-19.42
|
13.38±6.10
|
13.47
|
11.55
|
7.28-19.46
|
|
0.812
|
Palmitoleic acid (16:1)
|
0.79±0.63
|
0.72
|
0.70
|
0.17-1.43
|
0.69±0.43
|
0.68
|
0.93
|
0.24-1.15
|
|
0.209
|
∑PUFA
|
19.25±12.20
|
21.22
|
15.03
|
7.20-30.03
|
22.45±12.72
|
21.57
|
19.31
|
8.95-33.94
|
|
0.920
|
Linoleic acid (18:2n6)
|
1.22±1.34
|
1.25
|
0.73
|
0.14-2.57
|
1.45±1.24
|
1.59
|
1.08
|
0.20-2.69
|
|
0.267
|
C18.2.CLAs
|
0.41±0.72
|
0.31
|
0.36
|
0.29-1.15
|
0.23±0.32
|
0.28
|
0.21
|
0.09-0.58
|
|
0.144
|
Linolenic acid (18:3n6)
|
0.12±0.14
|
0.09
|
0.13
|
0.03-0.30
|
0.17±0.13
|
0.11
|
0.16
|
0.05-0.33
|
|
0.177
|
Linolenic acid (18:3n3)
|
0.41±0.27
|
0.45
|
0.38
|
0.12-0.70
|
0.52±0.27
|
0.49
|
0.56
|
0.24-0.79
|
|
0.565
|
Dihomo-linolenic acid (20:3n6)
|
0.34±1.45
|
0.31
|
0.26
|
0.10-1.88
|
0.42±1.23
|
0.45
|
0.37
|
0.08-1.79
|
|
0.129
|
Arachidonic acid (20:4n6)
|
0.11±0.10
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.01-0.23
|
0.18±0.08
|
0.19
|
0.16
|
0.08-0.29
|
|
0.212
|
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) EPA
|
0.04±0.05
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
0.01-0.11
|
0.03±0.04
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.01-0.08
|
|
0.615
|
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) DHA
|
0.13±0.12
|
0.11
|
0.05
|
0.01-0.26
|
0.12±0.11
|
0.10
|
0.08
|
0.01-0.25
|
|
0.779
|
ω-6/ω-3 ratio
|
4.27±0.29
|
4.25
|
4.50
|
3.98-4.59
|
4.60±0.27
|
4.61
|
4.52
|
4.32-4.89
|
|
0.004
|
Cholesterol
|
224.36±112.73
|
228.65
|
201.12
|
110.14-332.38
|
250.89±174.34
|
254.08
|
247.36
|
87.12-413.97
|
|
0.250
|
Total trans
|
4.39±10.81
|
3.21
|
3.89
|
3.13-15.29
|
5.58±10.27
|
3.98
|
4.27
|
3.51-10.09
|
|
0.481
|
Abbreviation: AI: Atherogenicity index; TI:Thrombogenicity index; H/H, Σhypocholesterolemic/Σ Hypercholesterolemic ratio; CSI, Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index; ω-6/ω-3 = Σ of Omega 6 series/Σ of Omega 3 series; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ω6, omega 6 fatty acid (Linoleic acid); ω3, omega 3 fatty acid (Linolenic acid) ; means are compared using Mann–Whitney U test. Percentages are compared using Chi-square. P<0.05 was considered to be significant.
Table 3. Correlation coefficient between BMI, dietary fat quality indices with AIP in normal weight and overweight or obese groups
Variable
|
Normal weight (n=71)
|
Overweight or obese (n=86)
|
R
|
P value
|
R2
|
R
|
P value
|
R2
|
BMI
|
0.193
|
0.106
|
0.210
|
0.408
|
0.045
|
0.387
|
AI
|
0.701
|
0.031
|
0.859
|
0.014
|
TI
|
0.080
|
0.505
|
0.095
|
0.381
|
CSI
|
0.085
|
0.481
|
0.024
|
0.117
|
hH
|
-0.710
|
0.023
|
-0.596
|
0.033
|
∑SFA
|
0.050
|
0.925
|
0.602
|
0.043
|
∑MUFA
|
0.041
|
0.416
|
0.015
|
0.403
|
∑PUFA
|
0.005
|
0.960
|
0.098
|
0.581
|
ω-6/ω-3 ratio
|
0.179
|
0.135
|
0.087
|
0.425
|
R: Pearson's correlation coefficient, Abbreviation: AI, Atherogenicity index; TI,Thrombogenicity index; h/H, ΣHypocholesterolemic/ ΣHypercholesterolemic ratio;CSI, Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index; ω-6/ω-3 = Σ of Omega 6 series/Σ of Omega 3 series; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ω6, omega 6 fatty acid (Linoleic acid); ω3, omega 3 fatty acid (Linolenic acid). Tests were anylysed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression test.
Table 4.Correlation coefficient between lipid profile and AIP in normal weight and overweight/obese groups
Variable
|
Normal weight (n=71)
|
Overweight/obese (n=86)
|
R
|
P value
|
R2
|
R
|
P value
|
R2
|
TG
|
0.909**
|
0.0001
|
0.889
|
0.919**
|
0.0001
|
0.878
|
TC
|
0.481**
|
0.0001
|
0.302**
|
0.004
|
LDL
|
0.318**
|
0.007
|
0.494**
|
0.008
|
HDL
|
-0.632**
|
0.0001
|
-0.708**
|
0.0001
|
TC/HDL
|
0.774**
|
0.0001
|
0.710**
|
0.0001
|
LDL/HDL
|
0.586**
|
0.0001
|
0.510**
|
0.0001
|
R: Pearson's correlation coefficient, TG: Triglyceride, TC: Total Cholesterol, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein Lipoprotein, HDL: High-density lipoprotein Lipoprotein, TC/HDL: Total Cholesterol to High Density Lipoprotein Ratio, LDL/HDL: Low-density lipoprotein to High-density lipoprotein ratio. Tests were anylysed using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression test.