Socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents:
Seven hundred five (with a response rate of 99.2%) participants were included in this study with the mean( ±SD) age of 33.24 ±0.942 years with a maximum of 80 years and a minimum of 18 years. The majority (78.3%) of them are with 1st age group (18-40 years), the 2nd age groups (41-64 years) contains 18% of them and the remaining proportion (3.7%) are within 3rd age group(≥65 years). More than half of the respondents (61.6%) were females. The majority of the respondents (64%) were protestant Christians. In Ethnicity Oromo constitute the majority of the respondents with 89.8%. Refer table 1 below for detail Sociodemographic variables of the respondents.
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, Dec. 2015 (n=705).
Variables
|
Frequency( in N)
|
Percentage (in %)
|
Age groups:
18-40 year
41-64 year
≥65 year
|
552
127
26
|
78.3
18.0
3.7
|
Sex:
Male
Female
|
271
434
|
38.4
61.6
|
Religion: Protestant Christian
Orthodox Christian
Muslim
Catholic Christian
“Wakefeta
|
451
220
24
2
8
|
64.0
31.2
3.4
.3
1.1
|
Ethnicity: Oromo
Amharic
Gurage
Tigre
Others
|
633
60
6
4
2
|
89.8
8.5
.9
.6
.3
|
Education status:
No formal education.
Primary school.
Secondary school.
College and above
|
75
119
320
189
|
10.7
16.9
45.5
26.9
|
Marital status:
Never married
Currently married
Divorced
Widowed
|
253
392
14
45
|
35.7
55.6
2.0
6.4
|
Occupation:
Gov. employee
NGO employee
Self employed
Student
Home maker
Retired
Unemployed
|
150
44
195
194
10
15
98
|
21.2
6.3
27.7
27.6
1.4
2.1
13.8
|
Prevalence of hypertension:
The mean systolic and diastolic BP readings were 119.8 (±1.2) and 81.9(±.9) mmHg, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 34.9% (±3.6% CI: 31.3-38.5): it is 36.9% among male respondents and 33.6 among female respondents. Only 53.3% of respondents ever measured their BP and out of hypertensive respondents, only 52.7% of them knew or told that they have a raised BP and only 22.4% of them were on anti-hypertensive medications.
Descriptions of behavioral, physical and nutritional factors:
Only 1.4% of the respondents have ever smoked cigarettes. Regarding alcohol consumption, 13.9% of the respondents had regular alcohol drinking habit and 6.2% had cat chewing habits. When we see dietary behavior of respondents; most of the respondents (83.6%) have a habit of high consumption of Salt and only 3.2% & 5.3% of the respondents have an adequate intake of vegetables and fruit on regular bases. As to physical exercise; 18% of them were engaged in vigorous physical activity work-related, recreational and sport-related, 52.2% of them were engaged in moderate activities and 29.8% were not involved in either of these activities. As to the Nutrition status of respondents, 62.6% of respondents have normal BMI, 16.7% were underweight, 11.2% were overweight and 9.5% were obese of which 21.6% had central obesity.
Risk factors associated with hypertension:
To identify factors associated with prevalence of hypertension, age, sex, occupation, income, educational status, BMI, family history of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and khat chewing status were entered in bivariate logistic regression analyses and showed that age, BMI, sedentary lifestyle, education status, family history of hypertension, self-history of Diabetes mellitus (DM), alcohol drinking status and Khat chewing were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertension. However, controlling for other variables on multivariate logistic regression, only age, BMI, educational status and Khat chewing were associated with the prevalence of hypertension (Table 2).
Table 2: Multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with Hypertension among respondents in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, Dec. 2015 (n=705)
Variables
|
Hypertension
|
COR(95% CI)
|
AOR(95% CI)
|
Yes (%)
|
No (%)
|
Age group(year)
18-40
41-64
≥65 year
|
156(28.3%)
70(55.1%)
20(76.9%)
|
396(71.7%)
57(44.9%)
6(23.1%)
|
1
3.12(2.1,4.63)
8.47(3.33,21.28)
|
1
2.6(1.49,4.57)
5.85(1.72,20)
|
BMI
Normal
Underweight
Overweight/
Obese
|
148(33.6%)
16(20.3%)
82(44.3%)
|
293(66.4%)
63(79.7%)
55.7(55.7%)
|
1
0.63(0.45,0.9)
3.14(1.69,5.83)
|
1
0.48(0.22,1.05)
1.71(1.09,2.67)
|
Central obesity
Yes
No
|
74(48.7%)
172(31.1%)
|
78(51.3%)
381(68.9%)
|
2.1( 1.46,3.03)
1
|
|
Exercise level:
Vigorous
Moderate
None
|
34(26.8%)
128(34.8%)
84(40%)
|
93(73.2%)
240(65.2%)
126(60%)
|
1
1.46(.93,2.28) 1.82(1.13,2.95)
|
1
.85(.48,1.5)
1.11(.57,2.14)
|
Alcohol intake ever:
Yes
No
|
45(45.9%)
201(33.1%)
|
53(54.1%)
406(66.9%)
|
1.72(1.11,2.64)
1
|
.94(.5,1.78)
1
|
Chewed Khat past year:
Yes
No
|
24(54.5%)
222(33.6%)
|
20(45.5%)
439(66.4%)
|
1
2.38(1.28,4.39)
|
`1
2.44(1.05,5.68)
|
Monthly Income (ETB) <1500
1500-4000
4000-6000
≥6000
|
59(27.2%)
100(41.3%)
20(60.6%)
12(26.7%)
|
158(72.8%)
142(58.7%)
13(39.4%)
33(27.3%)
|
1
1.89(1.27,2.79)
4.12(1.93,8.77)
.97(.48,2.01)
|
|
Education status:
No formal edu.
Primary Complete
Secondary Complete
College and above
|
53(70.7%)
45(37.8%)
97(30.3%)
49(25.9%)
|
22(29.3%)
74(62.2%)
223(69.7%)
140(74.1%)
|
1
3.96(2.13,7.36)
5.52(3.19,9.61)
6.88(3.8,12.47)
|
1
1.63(.72,3.69)
2.38(1.11,5.09)
2.75 (1.26,6.03)
|
Self-report of DM:
Yes
No
|
14(53.8%)
232(34.2%)
|
12(46.2%)
447(65.8%)
|
2.25(1.02,4.95)
1
|
1.75(.625,4.88)
1
|
Family history of HTN:
Yes
No
|
123(44.2%)
151(35.4%)
|
155(55.8)
276(64.6%)
|
1.40(1.02,1.92)
1
|
1.34(.88,2.03)
1
|